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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neutral atom
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has no overall electrical charge
number of positive charges =number of negative |
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Ion
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electrically hcarged atom
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cation
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+ charged (loses electrons)
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anion
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-charged (loses electrons)
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Atomic Mass
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to sum o number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
AM=P+N |
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Atomic number
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number of protons
*number of protons =number of electrons |
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OCTET RULE
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in order for an atom to be cheically stable there needs to be eiht electrons in its outer most orbital
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molecule
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2 or more atoms bonded together
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compound
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2 or more different atoms(elements) are bonded
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inorganic compounds
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made of non-carbon elements(periodic table)
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organic compounds
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use carbon as the major structural element
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covalent bonding
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sharing of electrons between atoms
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polar covalent bonding
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unequal sharing of electrons (enable to dissolve in H20)
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ionic bonding
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attraction of oppositely charged atoms
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hydrogen bonding
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formed by ionic attraction of hydrogen ion and a negative charge onanother molecule ie water molecule and salt
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carbohydrates
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(C,H,O)
ratio of H to O is always 2:1 structural unit(monomer) is monosaccharide (glucose, galactose, starch, sugar) function is a source of quick energy |
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proteins
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(C,H,O,N)
struction unit=Amino Acid(20) function=enzymes(regulate chemical reaction),Hormones(messengers) building martials special bond between amino group &carboxyl group =peptide bond |
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lipids
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(C,H,O)
structural unit=fatty acids saturated fats=all single hydrogen bonds(bad for health) animal fats unsaturated fats=one ormore doupble bonds(good for you) plant oil function=storage of large quantities of energy, steroids, help control saturated fats |
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nucleic acids
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(A,T,C,G)
structural units=nucleotide finction=genetic codes, protein syntheses ATP special enrgy unit for all rections |
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pH scale
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range is 1-14
acid=1-6 base=8-14 neutral=7 acids release hyrogen ions(H) bases release hydroxide (OH) buffer-a sublstance that resist changes in the pH |
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solution
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made of two components
solute-substance that is dissolved(salt) solvent-substance which dissolves the solute(water) |
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colloids
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solutions which have solutes that are large & will not pass through membranes ie:gelatin, proteins
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suspensions
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solutes are very large; too heavy to remain suspended; eventually affected by gravity ie:blood
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decomposition
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when a large molecule is broken into smaller units ie:digestin, catabolic reactions
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synthesis
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when small molecules are linked together forming large molecules ie:making proteins, fats &glycogen
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exchange reactions
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AB + CD = AC + BD
molecules exchange atom pairs |
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interphase
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cell growth
normal activities take place |
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mitosis
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division of nucleus
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prophase
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centrioles go polar
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metaphase
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equator line up
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anaphase
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chromosomes to polar
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telophase
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stretching of cytoplasm
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cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm
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inorganic
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no carbon
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water
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polar molecule
universal solvent pulls apart electrically charged molecules the mose important property of nay chemical is does it dissolve in H2O |
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acids
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releases hydrogen ions(proton donor) 1-6.999 pH
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bases
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absorbs hydrogen ions(releases OH) 7-14 pH
lower # H stronger the base |
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salts
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ionic bonded comopound-results (product) of
neutrolization process |
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pH scales and buffers
1-14 scale |
lower pH #=stronger acid
higher pH #=stronger base buffer-substance which resists changes in pH sodium bicarbonate |
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organic
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contains carbon as the major component
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carbohydrates
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source of quick energy
hydrophalic |
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monosaccharides
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1 unit
glucose galactose fructose |
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disaccharides
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2 units
sucrose maltose lactose |
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polysaccharides
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many units
starch glycogen cellulose |
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neutral fats
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triglycerides
made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol-can't release H+(organic acid) |
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phospholipids
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a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid used in building membranes
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steriods
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formed from cjolesterol, carbon form four rings; cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone, bile acids
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proteins
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C,H,O,N
when body gets to protein for energy usually starvation |
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amino acids
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monoers (20)
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proetein structure
Primary |
sequence of amino acids
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protein structure
secondary |
coiled by hydrogen bonds between NH2 and COOH groups. alpha helix and beta folds are the shapes tha can develop
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bases
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absorbs hydrogen ions(releases OH) 7-14 pH
lower # H stronger the base |
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salts
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ionic bonded comopound-results (product) of
neutrolization process |
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pH scales and buffers
1-14 scale |
lower pH #=stronger acid
higher pH #=stronger base buffer-substance which resists changes in pH sodium bicarbonate |
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organic
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contains carbon as the major component
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carbohydrates
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source of quick energy
hydrophalic |
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monosaccharides
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1 unit
glucose galactose fructose |
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disaccharides
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2 units
sucrose maltose lactose |
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polysaccharides
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many units
starch glycogen cellulose |
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neutral fats
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triglycerides
made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol-can't release H+(organic acid) |
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phospholipids
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a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid used in building membranes
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steriods
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formed from cjolesterol, carbon form four rings; cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone, bile acids
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proteins
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C,H,O,N
when body gets to protein for energy usually starvation |
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amino acids
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monoers (20)
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proetein structure
Primary |
sequence of amino acids
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protein structure
secondary |
coiled by hydrogen bonds between NH2 and COOH groups. alpha helix and beta folds are the shapes tha can develop
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protein structure
tertiary |
folding due to interatction between R-groups
globular protein-cell membrane fibrous proteins-muscle,skin hair |
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quaternary
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when two or more polypeptide chains bond together ie:hemoglobin
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protein structure
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structure determines functions
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lock-n-key
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enzymes-biological catalyst
substrate-substance action on by enzyme active site-place where bonding will occure |
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the cell membrane
phospohlipid bilaryer structure |
outer & inner boundaries are
hydrophilic middle layer is hydrophilic fluid mosaic model |
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the cell membrane
embedded proteins |
receptors-cell communication
with certain messengers channel proteins-passage ways for hydrophilic solutes carriers-help transfer certain molecules into cell |
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the cell membrane
special membrane anatomy |
microvilli-increases surface
area of cell & + diffusion of materials gap junctions-communication tubes-passing molecules between cells tight junctions-water tight barriers mechanical junctions(desmosomes)- barriers allows for stretching w/o separating cells(tissue) |
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membrane function
transporation selectivity |
polarity, molecular size, and gates
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passive transportation
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no ATP used
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diffusion
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movement from high concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium
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facilitated diffusion
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assisted movement but does not use additional energer (conveyer belt)
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osmosis
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diffusion of water
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isotonic solutions
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solute concentration of solution+solute concentration of cell
NO GAIN OR LOSS IN VOLUME OF CELL |
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hypotonic solutions
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less solute in solution than in cell; cell will swell-take in water
RAISON---GRAPE |
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hypertonic solutions
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greater solute concentration in solution than in cell cell will loose water
GRAPE--RAISEN |
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active transport
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REQUIRES ATP to supply energy
Ion/solute pumps Na/K pump in nervous system moving against gradient |
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bulk transport
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exocytosis-moving out of cell
endocytosis-phagocytosis &pinocytosis-moving into the cell phagocytosis large molecules the emembran extends to caputre solid materials inocytosis-movement of liguids in &out of cell |
