Anatomy And Physiology Iii Exam 1

Front 1

Secretin

Back 1

Inhibits gastrin. Enhances the flow of bile rich in HCO3 from the liver.

Front 2

CCK

Back 2

Cholecystokinin cause contraction of the gallbladder and increase in digestive enzymes

Front 3

Common bile duct

Back 3

Made up of the cystic duct from the gallbladder and the common hepatic duct. Empties into the duodenum.

Front 4

Hepatic Portal Vein

Back 4

Brings nutrient rich deoxygenated blood to liver

Front 5

Hepatic Artery

Back 5

Brings oxygenated blood to the liver. Branches off of the aorta

Front 6

Liver's function in carbohydrate metabolism

Back 6

To breakdown protein and triglycerides into glucose, glucose into glycogen, and glycogen into glucose as needed.

Front 7

Liver's function in lipid metabolism

Back 7

Synthesizes cholesterol, lipoproteins (HDL & LDL), stores fat, breaks down fat

Front 8

Liver's function in protein metabolism

Back 8

Deamination (to make amino acids usable as energy), converts ammonia to uria, makes plasma proteins (for clotting) converts amino acids into one another.

Front 9

Gastrin

Back 9

Digestive hormone of the stomach

Front 10

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Back 10

Hormone of the stomach which shuts it down and stimulates pancreas to release insulin.

Front 11

Secretin

Back 11

Digestive hormone of the pancreas, liver and stomach

Front 12

Cholecystokinin CCK

Back 12

Digestive hormone of the pancreas, gallbladder, sphincter of Oddi, and stomach

Front 13

Three parts of the small intestine

Back 13

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Front 14

GI histology from inside out

Back 14

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

Front 15

Structures that increase surface area in the small intestine

Back 15

Plica circularis

Villi

Microvilli (brush border)

Front 16

Purpose of Microvilli

Back 16

To secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients in the small intestine

Front 17

Paneth Cells

Back 17

Secrete lysozomes in the small intestine

Front 18

Brunner's Glands

Back 18

Secrete alkaline mucus in the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid

Front 19

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Back 19

Secrete lysozomes, intestinal juice, and brush border enzymes

Front 20

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Back 20

Secrete lysozomes, intestinal juice, and brush border enzymes

Front 21

True or false, peristalsis is stronger in the small intestine than in the stomach

Back 21

False

Front 22

What is segmentation

Back 22

Small "beads" or segments in the small intestine are created to mix chyme with intestinal juice

Front 23

Chylomicrons

Back 23

A class of Lipoprotein formed in the intestines. Protein coated fat enters lacteal to be transported to veins -> liver -> out of body

Front 24

Lacteals

Back 24

Lymphatic vessel of the small intestine that removes digested fats

Front 25

Fat soluble vitamin absorption

Back 25

Broken down and coated in bile salts. Result = Micelle. Then absorbed by diffusion

Front 26

Water soluble vitamin absorption

Back 26

Diffusion

Front 27

B-12 absorption

Back 27

Combines with intrinsic factor = active transport

Front 28

Appendicitis

Back 28

Inflammation of the appendix due to blockage. Symptoms include fever, high WBC, pain in LRQ, vomiting. May lead to peritonitis.

Front 29

Taenia coli

Back 29

Outer longitudinal muscle on large intestine

Front 30

Haustra

Back 30

Pouches formed by the contraction of the outer longitudinal muscle of the large intestine.

Front 31

Epiploic appendages

Back 31

Fat sacs hanging from large intestine

Front 32

Serosa

Back 32

Visceral peritoneum

Front 33

True or false: Appendix has a lot of lymphatic tissue

Back 33

True

Front 34

Gastrocolic reflex

Back 34

Makes us want to poop after we eat to make room.

Front 35

True or false, there are many enzymes secreted in the large intestine

Back 35

False. There are none. Only mucus

Front 36

Why is poop brown?

Back 36

Bilirubin

Front 37

Which vitamins do the bacteria in your large intestine produce?

Back 37

K and B

Front 38

Sphincter of Oddi

Back 38

Where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct combine and enter the duodenum

Front 39

Ampulla of Vater

Back 39

The combined tube of the CBD and the pancreatic duct

Front 40

Acini

Back 40

99% of the pancreatic glandular tissue which forms pancreatic juice

Front 41

Islets of Langerhans

Back 41

1% of pancreatic glandular tissue producing hormones

Front 42

Pancreatic Enzymes

Back 42

Amylase, lipase, proteases (trypsin), ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

Front 43

Pancreatitis

Back 43

Inflammation of the pancreas. Extremely painful - pancreas is digesting itself via trypsin

Causes: alcohol, obstruction and diabetes

Treatment: narcotics, and NPO

Front 44

Sinusoid

Back 44

Blood filled spaces in between hepatocytes

Front 45

Kupffer cells

Back 45

Phagocytes

Front 46

Bile Canaliculus

Back 46

Bile collection ducts

Front 47

Hepatic Triad

Back 47

Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein, bile duct

Front 48

Gallbladder and Submucosa

Back 48

It doesn't have one

Front 49

Catabolism: definition and examples

Back 49

The breakdown of compounds to provide energy.

Examples: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Front 50

Anabolism

Back 50

Synthesizes compounds which requires energy (endergonic)

Front 51

Oxidation

Back 51

A decrease in the energy of a molecule when it loses an electron or a hydrogen

Front 52

Reduction

Back 52

The increase in energy of a molecule when it gains an electron or a hydrogen

Front 53

Coenzyme: definition and examples

Back 53

Carries a hydrogen atom from one molecule to another

Examples: NAD, NADP, FAD

Front 54

Phosphorylation

Back 54

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule to add energy

ADP+P = ATP

Front 55

Phosphorylation in the cytoplasm

Back 55

Glycolysis

Front 56

Phosphorylation in the mitochondria

Back 56

Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

Front 57

Glycogenesis

Back 57

The formation of glycogen from glucose stimulated by insulin

Front 58

Lipogenesis

Back 58

The formation of triglycerides

Front 59

Cellular Respiration

Back 59

Glucose + O2 = H2O + CO2 + energy used to form 36 to 38 ATP

Front 60

Is Glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

Back 60

Anaerobic

Front 61

Aerobic Respiration

Back 61

Acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

Front 62

Glycolysis summary

Back 62

Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid which is then decarboxylated to form Acetyl CoA so that it can enter the Krebs Cycle. 2 ATP go in, 4 ATP come out.

Where: cytoplasm of mitochondria

Front 63

Krebs Cycle - what and where

Back 63

Oxidation reduction and decarboxylation redactions to take Acetyl CoA and produce coenzyme's 3 NADH & 1 FADH2 & 1ATP

Where: matrix of mitochondria

Front 64

Electron Transport Chain

Back 64

The oxidation-reduction of membrane proteins to release small amounts of energy

Where: inner membrane of mitochondria

Front 65

Chemiosmosis

Back 65

Uses energy released from the ETC to pump H+ from matrix to membrane to produce ATP

Front 66

What happens when NADH & FADH2 are reduced? And where does this occur?

Back 66

They release energy. Occurs in the matrix

Front 67

How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis?

Back 67

2 ATP

Front 68

How many net ATP are produced during the Krebs Cycle?

Back 68

2 ATP

Front 69

How many net ATP are produced during the Electron Transport Chain?

Back 69

32 ATP

Front 70

Glycogenolysis

Back 70

Converting glycogen to glucose. Stimulated by glucagon

Front 71

Gluconeogenesis

Back 71

Formation of glucose from fats or amino acids

Front 72

4 Classes of Lipoproteins

Back 72

Chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDL's, HDLs

Front 73

VLDLs

Back 73

10% protein. Moves triglycerides formed in the liver to fat cells

Front 74

LDLs

Back 74

25% protein. "bad cholesterol". Carries blood cholesterol to body cells

Front 75

HDLs

Back 75

40% protein. "Good cholesterol". Picks up cholesterol from blood and returns it to the liver for destruction

Front 76

Where is body cholesterol synthesized?

Back 76

The liver

Front 77

**Albumin

Back 77

The largest plasma protein used for clotting and immunity. Maintains osmotic pressure. Transports leaked plasma back into the blood stream, otherwise you get the distended African belly.

Front 78

**All nutrients can be turned into any other EXCEPT...

Back 78

Essential amino acids and fatty acids

Front 79

Chief Cells

Back 79

Secrete inactive pepsinogen which are activated by HCL from Parietal cells

Front 80

Parietal Cells

Back 80

Secrete intrinsic factor and HCL to activate pepsinogen from Chief Cells

Front 81

Where does systemic blood flow in regard to oxygen concentration?

Back 81

It flows to areas of low oxygen

Front 82

Where does pulmonary blood flow in regard to oxygen concentration?

Back 82

To areas of high concentration

Front 83

What is a P/Q mismatch?

Back 83

The amount of blood flow is disproportionate to the size of the vessel it is moving through

Front 84

Do pulmonary veins dilate or constrict in response to low O2?

Back 84

Constrict

Front 85

Intubation also know as

Back 85

Endotracheal intubation

Front 86

What is the dividing line between the respiratory and digestive systems?

Back 86

The epiglottis

Front 87

What type of tissue makes up the glottis?

Back 87

Elastic cartilage

Front 88

Vestibular fold

Back 88

Upper, false vocal chords. Help to close larynx

Front 89

What are your regular tonsils called?

Back 89

Palatine tonsils

Front 90

Nasal passage connects to eustachian tube, why?

Back 90

To mediate pressure in the middle ear

Front 91

Infection in the middle ear is known as what? And what always accompanies it?

Back 91

Otitis media. Accompanied by pharyngitis

Front 92

What type of tissue makes up the inside of the nose?

Back 92

Stratified squamous epithelium. Same as your skin

Front 93

What type of tissue makes up the olfactory plate?

Back 93

Olfactory epithelium

Front 94

What type of tissue is the rest of the olfactory system made up of?

Back 94

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (PCCE)

Front 95

External respiration

Back 95

Oxygen exchange from the lungs to alveoli

Front 96

Internal respiration

Back 96

Gas exchange at the tissue level