Anatomy And Physiology Ii Ch 22

Front 1

Define pathogen vs. antigen

Back 1

Antigen- foreign body;

Pathogen- immune response.

--> limiting antibiotic use can increase the ability of resistance. If a disinfectant is 99.9% effective, that .01% can turn into 100% overgrowth.

Front 2

Review the formation of lymph.

Back 2

Lymph is that 5% of extra interstitial fluid that goes out of the circulatory system.

Front 3

Name the structures in the lymphatic system.

Back 3

- Lymph nodes (tonsils)

- Ducts

- Spleen

- Thymus

- Assoc. lymph tissue

Front 4

Name five lymphoid tissues or organs

Back 4

Nodes, ducts, spleen, thymus, associated lymph tissue

Front 5

What stimulated/regulates the movement of lymph?

Back 5

The contraction of the skeletal muscles causes the movement of lymph through the circulatory system; one-way valves regulate this movement and keep the lymph from flowing back into the system.

Front 6

List 2 ways lymph returns to circulation.

Back 6

1. Right lymphatic duct- smaller than the thoracic duct delivers lymph from the upper right side of the body.

2. Thoracic duct- carries lymph originating in tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the upper body. Covers most of the body.

Front 7

List 3 types of lymphocytes & 4 types of T cells and their function

Back 7

A. T cells: four types- TH (helper), TM (memory), TS (suppressor; limits function), TC (cytotoxic). B cells; & Natural killer cells. A natural killer cell is a type of T cell, and has the same function: it attacks viral cells cells that are stressed.

Front 8

Describe lymphopoiesis

Back 8

Creation of lymphocytes in red bone marrow; produced in the bone marrow, spleen, and thymus. CSF- colony stimulating factor (type of lymphocyte); t cells have surface markers and you can tell them apart with their different markers, called cluster deposits.

Front 9

Name two areas that have associated lymphoid tissue.

Back 9

1. MALT - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; aggregation of lymphocytes (groups of B & T cells) ex: respiratory or gut (Peyers patches).

2. Appendix: blind pouch that originates near the junction between the small and large intestines; walls contain a mass of fused lymphoid nodules.

Front 10

Name the five tonsils. Which ones are associated with tonsillitis?

Back 10

- Palatine: left and right; located at posterior and inferior margin of the oral cavity, along the boundary with the pharynx.

- Lingual: pair; located deep within mucous epithelium; not visible unless tonsillitis occurs and they become infected and swollen.

- Pharyngeal: single tonsil; adenoid; lies in the posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx.

Front 11

Describe the fluid flow in the lymph node.

Back 11

90% nucleus (lollipop structure), 10% cytoplasm; it takes 24 hours for full circulation; movement not due to ameboid movement or diopedesis; there are many germinal centers in the lymph nodes, which are also known as follicles (many lymphocytes within this structure); there are three openings out of the lymph nodes, being for arterioles, venous return into and out of the node, and lastly, lymph (afferent [into]); HEV - high endothelial venule, which is the exchange of lymph in big capillaries, yet moves slower than other venules; are phagocytic cells (dendritic); 30% of the WBC in the lymph nodes are lymphocytes; top venule containing venous return is efferent.

Front 12

List 2 reasons for lymphadenopathy

Back 12

1. Swelling from a regional bacterial infection.

2. Swelling from cancer; Hodgkin's lymphoma/non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Front 13

Define involution. Relate it to the thymus.

Back 13

Involution- the thymus shrinks; cervical thoracic region decreases, and the older you get, the more your thymus shrinks and becomes smaller.

Front 14

Describe the function of thymosin.

Back 14

The thymus produces and selects lymphocytes; this stops the overgrowth and proliferation of abnormal cells. Produces T cells and B cells (chicken).

Thymosin promotes development and maturation of lymphocytes.

Front 15

List 4 functions of the spleen

Back 15

A: 1. Removing abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis, 2. Storing iron recycled from red blood cells, and 3. Initiating immune responses by b cells and t cells in response to antigens in circulating blood. 4. Performs same functions for blood that lymph nodes do for lymph.

Front 16

Describe one problem that might occur if one has a splenectomy.

Back 16

A: an increased risk of bacterial infection because the spleen is so fragile and tears easily. It is also very difficult to surgically repair.

Front 17

First Line of Defense

Types of Phagocytes

What makes up the reticuloendothelial system?

Back 17

A. Nonspecific: 1.) physical barrier: skin, inhalation, mucus membranes. If swallowed, HCl in the stomach will kill it off due to the high acidity.

B. Macrophages are also monocytes which are in circulation;

Microphages are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, etc.

C. RE system is made up of macrophages/monocytes.

Front 18

Describe the ways that an activated macrophage responds to a pathogen.

Back 18

Macrophages are large phagocytic cells which are activated to deal with immune responses; when a pathogen or antigen enters the body, macrophages are able to rid the body of this invasion; if the macrophage is larger than the antigen, the macrophage engulfs the antigen. Lysozymes in the macrophage help to breakdown these antigens. If, however, the antigen is too large for the macrophage to engulf, there are three ways to rid the body of the invasion: H2O2, NO, or perforin. Perforin creates pores in the antigen, which allows for Na+ to come in, increases the tonicity within the antigen, and finally, bursts and destroys the AG through water movement that puts pressure on the area.

Front 19

Describe the first step in phagocytosis.

How could am abnormal cell escape a NK cell?

Back 19

1.) Recognizing the antigen and its receptors, therefore allowing the phagocytic cell to attach to the antigen.

B. Abnormal cells can sometimes have receptors which resemble normal cell receptors. They can then skate by receptors and get into circulation to cause trouble.

Front 20

List the steps for an activated natural killer cell. Include the role of perforin.

Back 20

Natural killer cells kill stressed cells through the secretion of perforins. Because natural killer cells can't store perforins, they make them. The Golgi apparatus releases these stored perforins.

Steps

1. Recognize antigen receptors and cells.

2. Attaches to the antigen.

3. Secretion of perforins which attack and kill the cells.

Front 21

Second line of defense: which cells release interferons?

Describe the function of interferon.

List one type of interferon.

EC: List the classes of interferons.

Back 21

A. When a virus attaches itself to a cell, the virus often kills the cell, but before, it releases interferons to surrounding cells which protects them from viral replication.

C. Alpha interferons

EC: alpha- produced by cells infected with viruses. Attract and stimulate NK cells and enhance resistance to viral infection.

Beta- secreted by fibroblasts, slow inflammation in a damaged area.

Gamma- secreted by t cells and NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity.

Front 22

Third Line of Defense

What is the role of a complement?

Describe the two pathways that can activate complements.

List three effects of complement activation.

Describe the makeup and function of the membrane attack complex.

Back 22

When an antibody attaches to a bacterium, an inactive complement (C1) is activated.

B. Classical pathway initiation: C1i-->C1a (inactive to active); --> C2-->C3-->forms C5-C9 complex --> Big MAC (membrane attack complex), then creates pores in the bacterium.

Alternate pathway initiation: C3 + bacteria --> activation of C5-C9

Three effects? Membrane attack complex formed; pores created in bacterium.

Front 23

List the benefits of the inflammatory response and describe the steps.

Back 23

Inflammatory response is noted through a temperature change in the body. This would present as a fever, which is any temp higher than 98.6; if the pathogen is a virus, the fever will "cycle" or break and then return continuously (as the release of viral particles tremendously effects this cycling); fever triggers these steps - antigens, pyrogens, and interferons; benefits? Decrease in viral replication, and a stimulation in host cell division (repair mode).

Front 24

List three secretions from neutrophils in an inflammatory response.

Back 24

H2O2, NO, perforin.

Front 25

What is the makeup of pus?

Back 25

Dead neutrophils and tissue debris.