Anatomy And Physiology I- Chapter 1

Front 1

ANATOMY

Back 1

-study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
-gross or macroscopic
-microscopic
-developmental

Front 2

(GROSS ANATOMY)
1. REGIONAL
2. SYSTEMIC
3. SURFACE

Back 2

1. all structures in one part
of body (ei.abdomen,leg)
2. gross anatomy of the body
studied by system
3. study of internal structure
as they relate to skin

Front 3

(MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY)
1. CYTOLOGY
2. HISTOLOGY

Back 3

1. study of the cell
2. study of tissues

Front 4

(DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY)
1. EMBRYOLOGY

Back 4

* traces structural changes throughout life
1. study of developmental
changes in the body before
life

Front 5

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Back 5

study of structural changes caused by disease

Front 6

RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

Back 6

study of internal structures visualized by x-ray

Front 7

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Back 7

study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level

Front 8

PHYSIOLOGY

Back 8

*focuses on the FUNCTION of the body, often at a molecular or cellular level
-considers the operation of specific organ systems

Front 9

PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY

Back 9

-function always reflects structure
-what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Front 10

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Back 10

1.chemical-atoms combined to form molecules
2.cellular-cells are made of molecules
3.tissue-consists of similar cells
4.organ-made up of different types of tissues
5.organ system-consists of different organs that work together
6.organismal-made up of the different organ systems

Front 11

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Back 11

*largest organ*
-forms external body covering
-skin,sweat & oil glands, hair, and nails
-protects tissues from injury
-SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D

Front 12

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Back 12

-bone, cartilage, & ligaments
-protects and supports organs
-provides framework for muscle
-site of blood cell formation
(bone marrow)
-stores minerals

Front 13

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Back 13

3 muscles:skeletal,cardiac,
smooth
-composed of muscles & tendons
-allows manipulatio of environment, locomotion, and facial expressions
-maintains posure
-produes heat

Front 14

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 14

-composed of brain, spinal column, and nerves
-is the fast acting control system of the body
-responds to stimuli by actvation muscles and glands

Front 15

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Back 15

-composed of glands that influence metabolic activity
-secretes that maintain body homeostasis over a long period of time
-works with nervous system to control other body systems

Front 16

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Back 16

-composed of heart and blood vessels
-the heart pumps blood
-blood vessles transport blood throughtout the body

Front 17

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (IMMUNITY)

Back 17

-red blood marros, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessles and returns it to blood
-disposes of debris in lymphatic system
-houses white blood cells involved with immunity

Front 18

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Back 18

*exchanges of gases*
-nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-keeps blood supplid with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Front 19

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Back 19

-oral cavity, espohagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, anus, liver
-breaks down food to absorbable units that enter blood
-eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

Front 20

URINARY SYSTEM

Back 20

-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
-regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of blood

Front 21

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Back 21

-prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens
-produce offspring

Front 22

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Back 22

-mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
-produce offspring

Front 23

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS I
1.Maintaing boundries
2.Movement
3.Responsiveness
4.Digestion

Back 23

1.internal environment is distinct from the external
cellular level- plasma membranes
organismal level- skin
2.locomotion,peristalsis, contractability
3.sense change in environment and respond
4. breakdown indigested foodstuff

Front 24

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS II
1.Metabolism
2.Excretion
3.Reproduction
4.Growth

Back 24

1.all the chemical reactions occur in the body
2.removal of waste from body
3.cellular and organismal
cellular-original cell divides and produces 2 identical daughter cells
organismal-sperm and egg unite to make person
4.increase in size of body of the organism

Front 25

SURVIVAL NEEDS

Back 25

1.Nutrients-chemical substances used for energy and cell building
2.Oxygen- metabolic reaction
3.Water-provides necessary environment for chemical reactions
4.Maintain normal body temp-for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
5.Atmospheric pressure- for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Front 26

HOMEOSTASIS

Back 26

-ability to maintain a stable internal environment
-internal environment of body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
-chemical,thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Front 27

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISM

Back 27

1.RECEPTOR-monitors environment & responds to environment
2.CONTROL CENTER-determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
3.EFFECTOR-provides the means to respond to the stimulus

Front 28

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Back 28

-the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimuli
e.i. regulation of blood clotting

Front 29

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

Back 29

-disturbance of homeostasis or body's normal equilibrium
-overwhelming of negative feedback allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

Front 30

ANATOMICAL POSITION
1.SUPINATE

Back 30

1.body erect,feet slightly apart,palms facing FORWARD, thumbs point away from body

Front 31

1.SUPERIOR
2.INFERIOR
3.ANTERIOR
4.POSTERIOR

Back 31

1.toward the head
2.away from the head
3.toward front of body
4.toward back of body

Front 32

1.MEDIAL
2.LATERAL
3.INTERMDEIATE

Back 32

1.toward the midline
2.away from midline
3.between a more medial and lateral structure

Front 33

1.PROXIMAL
2.DISTAL
3.SUPERFICIAL
4.DEEP

Back 33

1.closer to origin of the body
2.farther from origin of body
3.toward the body surface
4.away from body surface

Front 34

1.SAGITTAL
2.MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAL
3.FRONTAL OR CORONAL
4.TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL
5.OBLIQUE SECTION

Back 34

1.divides body right and left
2.sagital plane lies midline
3.divides anterior/posterior
4.divides superior/inferior
5.cuts made diagonally

Front 35

DORSAL CAVITY PROTECTS NERVOUS SYSTEM
(2 SUBDIVISION)

Back 35

1.cranial cavity-in skull encases the brain
2.vertebral cavity-runs withing the vertebral column encases spinal cord
*ventral cavity house internal organs (viscera)2 subdivisions:thoracic & abdominopelvic

Front 36

THORACIC CAVITY DIVIDED INTO:
1.PLEURAL CAVITIES
2.MEDIASTINUM
3.PERICARDIAL

Back 36

1.each houses a lung
2.contains pericarial cavity & remaining thoracic organs
3.encloses the heart

Front 37

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY SEPERATED FROM THORACIC CAVITY BY DIAPHRAGM
(2 SUBDIVISIONS)

Back 37

1.abdominal cavity-stomach, intestines,spleen,liver,& other organs
2.pelvic cavity-lies within pelvis and contains bladder,reproductive orgnans, and rectum

Front 38

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES

Back 38

1.parietal serosa-lines internal body walls
2.visceral serosa-covers the internal organs
3.serous fluid-seperates the serosae

Front 39

1.ORAL AND DIGESTIVE
2.NASAL
3.ORBITAL
4.MIDDLE EAR
5.SYNOVIAL

Back 39

1.mouth and cavities or the digestive organs
2.in & posterior to the nose
3.house the eyes
4.contains bones(ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
5.joint cavities

Front 40

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

Back 40

-umbilical
-epigastric
-hypogastric
-right & left iliac or inguinal
-right & left lumbar
-right & left hypochondriac

Front 41

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

Back 41

-right upper
-left upper
-right lower
-left lower