Anatomy And Physiology For Dummy

Front 1

What are Allels?

Back 1

Alternative form of a gene that allows for diversity

Front 2

What are the purine bases

Back 2

Adenine and Guanine

Front 3

What are the pyrimidine bases

Back 3

Cytosine and Thymine for DNA

Uracil instead of Thymine for RNA

Front 4

What bond does Adenine and Thymine have

Back 4

double covalent bond

Front 5

What bond does Cytosine and Guanine have

Back 5

triple bond- double covalent + 1 hydrogen bond

Front 6

The twists of the double helix are held together by?

Back 6

Hydrogen bond

Front 7

Transcription occurs where

Back 7

Nucleus

Front 8

Translation occurs where

Back 8

Cytoplasm

Front 9

The plasma membrane is made up of

Back 9

lipid bilayer made of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

Front 10

The lipid bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are

Back 10

amphipathic- meaning they have polar and non polar parts

Front 11

The polar part of the lipid bilayer is the

Back 11

phosphate containing head, which is hydrophilic

Front 12

The nonpolar part of the lipid bilayer is the

Back 12

two long fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic

Front 13

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and can be removed only by disrupting membrane structure

Back 13

Integral proteins

Front 14

Proteins that associate loosely with the polar heads of the bilayer and can be removed without disrupting membrane structure

Back 14

Peripheral proteins

Front 15

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached

Back 15

glycoproteins

Front 16

Carbohydrate portion of glycolipids and glycoproteins that forms a sugary coating and acts as a molecular signature that allows cells to recognize one another

Back 16

glycocalyx

Front 17

enables cells to adhere to one another, protects cells from enzyme digestion, and makes some cells slippery and protects from drying

Back 17

glycocalyx

Front 18

Most _________ are selective, only allowing specific _____ to flow into and out of a cell

Back 18

Ion channels
Ions

Front 19

Some membrane proteins act as ______, which selectively moves a polar substance from one side of the membrane to the other by changing shape

Back 19

transporters

Front 20

Serve as cellular recognition sites. Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell's function in some way

Back 20

receptor

Front 21

Anchor filaments inside and outside of the plasma membrane to provide structure, strength, movement or link two cells

Back 21

Linker

Front 22

difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

Back 22

Concentration gradient

Front 23

Typically, the outer surface of the plasma membrane is more _______ charged and the inner surface is more _______ charged

Back 23

positively

negatively

Front 24

The difference in electrical charges between two regions (or the membrane) is

Back 24

electrical potential (membrane potential for plasma membrane)

Front 25

The concentration gradient and membrane potential's combined influence is termed

Back 25

electrochemical gradient- bc they both affect ion movements

Front 26

cellular energy is used to drive a substance against it's concentration gradient

Back 26

Active transport

Front 27

Factors that influence the rate of diffusion

Back 27

1. Steepness of concentration gradient
2. Temp
3. Mass of diffusing substance
4. Surface area
5. Diffusion distance

Front 28

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration

Back 28

Osmosis

Front 29

A solution containing solute particles that cannot cross the membrane exerts a force called

Back 29

osmotic pressure

Front 30

______ is a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

Back 30

tonicity

Front 31

Driving a substance uphill, against it's concentration gradient

Back 31

Active transport- requires energy

Front 32

Factors that influence rate of diffusion

Back 32

1. Steepness of concentration gradient
2. Temp
3. Mass of diffusing substance
4. Distance of diffusion
5. Surface area

Front 33

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Back 33

Osmosis

Front 34

A solution containing particles that cannot cross the membrane exerts a force know as

Back 34

osmotic pressure

Front 35

Pressure needed to stop the movement of water into solution containing solutes when membrane permeable only to water separates the two

Back 35

osmotic pressure

Front 36

measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

Back 36

tonicity

Front 37

a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the cytosol in a RBC. Water enters the cell faster than it can leave, causing the cell to swell and burst

Back 37

Hypotonic

Front 38

a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol in a RBC. Water leaves the cell faster than it can enter, causing the cell to shrink

Back 38

hypertonic

Front 39

Rupture of RBC due to hypotonic solution

Back 39

hemolysis

Front 40

Shrinkage of RBC due to hypertonic solution

Back 40

crenation

Front 41

A solute binding to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a change in shape

Back 41

Facilitated diffusion , could also be called facilitated transport

Front 42

The number of facilitated diffusion transporters available in a plasma membrane places an upper limit on the rate of facilitated diffusion called _____

Back 42

transport maximum

Front 43

Solutes that can move across a plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion include ____

Back 43

glucose
fructose
galactose
some vitamins

Front 44

Glucose enters many body cells by binding to a glucose transporter protein called _______, then _____ changes shape, enters the cell, and releases glucose into cytosol

Back 44

GluT

GluT

Front 45

After glucose enters cell by Fac Diff, an enzyme called ________ attaches a phosphate group to produce glucose 6-phosphate

Back 45

hexokinase

Front 46

Two sources of cellular energy that can be used to drive active transport

Back 46

Energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP is primary active transport

Energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is the source of secondary active transport

Front 47

transporter proteins that carry out primary active transport are often called ____

Back 47

Pumps

Front 48

The sodium-potassium pump expels _______ from cells and brings _______ into cells and is an active transport mechanism

Back 48

Na+

K+

Front 49

Bc part of the sodium-potassium pump acts as an ATPase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP, another name for the pump is _____

Back 49

Na+ / K+ ATPase

Front 50

In _______ the energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient

Back 50

secondary active transport

Front 51

Secondary active transport proteins called _______ move two substances (one of which is Na+) in the same direction

Back 51

symporters

Front 52

Secondary active transport proteins called _______ move two substances (one of which is Na+) in different directions

Back 52

antiporters

Front 53

________ slows the Na+ / K+ pumps, causing there to be a smaller Na+ gradient across the membrane, which causes the Na+ / Ca2+ antiporters to slow down keeping more _______ inside of the heart cells and increasing contractions of heart muscle

Back 53

Digitalis

Ca2+

Front 54

In __________, ligand receptor complexes trigger infolding of a calathrin coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands

Back 54

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 55

Ligands transported by receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 55

transferrin, LDLs, some vitamins, certain hormones, and antibodies

Front 56

movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it from a phagosome

Back 56

Phagocytosis

Front 57

Substances removed by phagocytosis

Back 57

Bacteria, viruses, aged and dead cells

Front 58

_________- "cell drinking" -movement of ECF into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane to form a _______ vesicle

Back 58

Pinocytosis

pinocytic

Front 59

substances moved/ transported by pinocytosis

Back 59

solutes in ECF

Front 60

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the ECF

Back 60

Exocytosis

Front 61

An increase in size because of an increase in number of cells

Back 61

Hyperplasia

Front 62

fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles and makes up about 55% of total cell volume

Back 62

cytosol

Front 63

specialized structures that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions in cell growth, reproduction, and maint.

Back 63

organelles

Front 64

network of several diff kinds of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol. Provides structural framework for the cell

Back 64

cytoskeleton

Front 65

thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton and contain the protein actin.

Back 65

Microfilaments

Front 66

provide much of the mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of cells

Back 66

microfilaments

Front 67

nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane

Back 67

microvilli

Front 68

abundant on cells involved in absorption because they greatly increase the surface area

Back 68

microvilli

Front 69

structures found in parts of cell that are subject to mechanical stress and help stabilize organelles

Back 69

intermediate filaments

Front 70

largest of cytoskeletal components, long unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin

Back 70

microtubules

Front 71

motor proteins called _______ and ________ are responsible for powering movements in which mirotubules participate

Back 71

kinesins

dyneins

Front 72

located near nucleus and consist of a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material

Back 72

centrosomes

Front 73

numerous short hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

Back 73

cilia

Front 74

projection that moves an entire cell

Back 74

flagella

Front 75

the sites of protein synthesis

Back 75

ribosomes

Front 76

synthesize proteins used in the cytosol

Back 76

free ribosomes

Front 77

Synthesis of fatty acids and steroids occurs in the

Back 77

Smooth ER

Front 78

Proteins synthesized by ________ attached to _______ enter the space within the ER for processing and sorting.

Back 78

ribosomes

rough ER

Front 79

In liver, Kidney, and intestinal cells a smooth ER enzyme removes phosphate group from __________, which allows free glucose to enter bloodstream

Back 79

glucose 6-phosphate

Front 80

Modifies, packages, sorts, and transports proteins received from the rough ER

Back 80

Golgi Complex

Front 81

vesicle formed on the Golgi complex. Contains digestive enzymes, fuses with phagosomes, digests worn out organelles/entire cells

Back 81

Lysosome

Front 82

Vesicle containing oxidative enzymes and catalase, oxidizes amino and fatty acids, detoxifies harmful substances

Back 82

Peroxisome

Front 83

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme _______, which decomposes the hydrogen peroxide produced by the oxidation reactions

Back 83

catalase

Front 84

destroy unneeded, damaged and faulty proteins located in the cytosol

Back 84

proteasomes

Front 85

The inner mitochondrial membrane consist of a series of folds called ____

Back 85

cristae

Front 86

Mitochondrial genes are inherited from _____

Back 86

your mother

Front 87

The complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA

Back 87

Chromatin

Front 88

The total genetic information carried in a cell or organism is it's _______

Back 88

genome

Front 89

Nucleus contains most of a cells genes, which are located on

Back 89

chromosomes

Front 90

The study of relationships between the genome and the biological functions of an organism

Back 90

genomics

Front 91

It is estimated that there are approx _________ genes in the human genome

Back 91

35,000- 45,000

Front 92

means all of an organisms proteins

Back 92

proteome

Front 93

Process where a gene's DNA is used to direct synthesis of a specific protein

Back 93

Gene expression

Front 94

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA is called a

Back 94

base triplet

Front 95

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in RNA is called

Back 95

codon

Front 96

set of rules that relates the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding RNA codons and the amino acids they specify

Back 96

genetic code

Front 97

step in expression of genetic information in which a single strand of DNA serves as a template for the formation of a RNA molecule

Back 97

Transcription

Front 98

The synthesis of a new protein on a ribosome as dictated by the sequence of codons in mRNA

Back 98

Translation

Front 99

RNA that directs synthesis of a protein

Back 99

mRNA

Front 100

joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

Back 100

rRNA

Front 101

binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation

Back 101

tRNA

Front 102

One end of tRNA carries a specific amino acid, the other end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called

Back 102

anticodon

Front 103

catalyzes transcription of DNA

Back 103

RNA polymerase

Front 104

The segment of DNA where transcription begins is a nucleotide sequence called

Back 104

promoter

Front 105

During transcription, adenine in DNA pairs with _____

Back 105

Uracil in RNA

Front 106

Transcription of DNA ends at a nucleotide called a

Back 106

Terminator

Front 107

Within a gene are regions called ______ that do not code for proteins

Back 107

introns

Front 108

Region of a gene that codes for segments of a protein

Back 108

exons

Front 109

enzymes that cut out the introns and splice together exons

Back 109

snRNPs - small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Front 110

After transcription, a functional ______ passes through ________ to reach the cytoplasm, where translation occurs

Back 110

mRNA molecule

pore in the nuclear envelope

Front 111

Immediately after transcription, the transcript includes info form introns and exons, and is called

Back 111

pre-mRNA

Front 112

procees where pre-mRNA is spliced in different ways to produce several different mRNAs. This accounts for the reason 35-45,000 human genes could produce the 500,000 - 1 million human proteins

Back 112

alternative splicing

Front 113

_____ in the cytoplasm carry out translation

Back 113

ribosomes

Front 114

In ___________ a cell undergoes a nuclear division called ______ and a cytoplasmic division called _________

Back 114

Somatic cell division

mitosis

cytokinesis

Front 115

During _________ the cell replicates it's DNA and is composed of 3 stages ____, _____, _____

Back 115

Interphase

G1, S, and G2

Front 116

Interphase period where cell duplicates organelles and cytosolic components

Back 116

G1 or Gap 1

Front 117

Interphase period where cell replicates DNA and centrosomes

Back 117

S or synthesis phase

Front 118

Interphase period where cell grows and enzyme / protein synthesis continues

Back 118

G2 or Gap 2

Front 119

Collective period between cell divisions, chromosomes not visible under light microscope

Back 119

Interphase

Front 120

Parent cell produces two identical daughter cells, chromosomes visible under light microscope

Back 120

Mitotic phase

Front 121

4 phases of mitosis

Back 121

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Front 122

cytoplasmic division, contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell

Back 122

cytokinesis

Front 123

Cells that remain in the G1 state for long periods of time without dividing are said to be in

Back 123

G0 state

Front 124

Key signal that induces cell division

Back 124

maturation promoting factor (MPF)

Front 125

Orderly, genetically programmed cell death

Back 125

apoptosis

Front 126

pathological cell death resulting from tissue injury

Back 126

necrosis

Front 127

Loss or alteration of tumor suppressor gene _____ on chromosome ____ is the most common genetic change leading to tumors

Back 127

p53

17

Front 128

The body of an average adult is composed of nearly _______ cells, and can be classified into around ____ different cell types

Back 128

100 trillion

200

Front 129

noninherited disease with normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging

Back 129

Progeria

Front 130

rare inherited disease that causes rapid acceleration of aging usually in a person's 20s.

Back 130

Werner syndrome

Front 131

disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation is _____ and the excess tissue is called _____

Back 131

cancer

neoplasm

Front 132

A cancerous neoplasm is called

Back 132

malignancy or malignant tumor

Front 133

______ is the spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body

Back 133

metastasis

Front 134

_____ are malignant tumors arising from epithelial cells

Back 134

carcinomas

Front 135

______ is cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues

Back 135

sarcoma

Front 136

growth of new networks of blood vessels caused by tumor

Back 136

angiogenesis

Front 137

term for process by which cancer develops

Back 137

carcinogenesis

Front 138

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation

Back 138

Dysplasia

Front 139

An increase in the number of cells due to increase in frequency of division is ________, but an increase in cell size is _______

Back 139

Hyperplasia

Hypertrohpy

Front 140

The transformation of one type of cell into another

Back 140

Metaplasia

Front 141

The _____ consists of the 2 hip bones, also called _______

Back 141

pelvic (hip) girdle

coxal bones

Front 142

The hip bones unite anteriorly at the ______ and poseriorly at the _______ to form the _______ joint

Back 142

pubic symphysis

sacrum

sacroilliac joints

Front 143

The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, and sacrum forms a deep, basinlike structure called the _______

Back 143

bony pelvis

Front 144

Each of the hip bones of a newborn consists of 3 bones separated by cartilage: ____, ____, and _____

Back 144

superior ilium

pubis

posterior ischium

Front 145

Largest of the 3 bones of hip bone

Back 145

Ilium

Front 146

Below the posterior inferior iliac spine is the ________, through which the ________, the longest nerve in the body, passes.

Back 146

greater sciatic notch

sciatic nerve

Front 147

markings on the ilium where the tendons of the gluteal muscles attach. 3 of them

Back 147

posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines

Front 148

The ______ is a deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It functions as the socket that accepts the rounded head of the femur

Back 148

acetabelum

Front 149

The ______ and ______ form the hip (coxal) joint

Back 149

acetabelum

femoral head

Front 150

The portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim is the ______, and the part that is inferior is the ________

Back 150

false (greater pelvis

true (lesser) pelvis

Front 151

Bones of males are generally ______ and _____ than females

Back 151

larger and heavier

Front 152

Each lower limb has ____ bones: ___ in thigh, ______ at knee, the ____ and ____ in the leg, ___ tarslas in the tarsus (ankle), ____ metatarsals in the metatarsus, and ____ phalanges

Back 152

30

Femur

Patella

tibia and fibula

7

5

14