Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards For Lecture Exam Five

Front 1

Is the spine part of the peripheral or central nervous system?

Back 1

Central nervous system

Front 2

ganglion?

Back 2

A collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS.

Front 3

Do dendrites send impulses toward the soma or away from the soma? (soma=cell body)

Back 3

Send impulses towards the soma

Front 4

Astrocyte

Back 4

Act as a barrier between blood vessels and the brain.

Front 5

Ependymal Cells

Back 5

• Line ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord.
  
• Circulate cerebrospinal fluids.
  

Front 6

The Choroid plexus

Back 6

Type of ependymal cell that produces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Front 7

Oligodendrocytes

Back 7

• Found around axons (myelin sheath) of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS)
  
• Have the ability to myelinate multiple axons

Front 8

Schwann cells

Back 8

• Found around an axon (myelin sheath) of a neuron in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Can only myelinate a single axon

Front 9

Microglial cells

Back 9

Remove bacteria and debris from the central nervous system

Front 10

What is an example of a ligand gated channel?

Back 10

Acetilcoline receptor (ACH receptor)

Front 11

Resting membrane potential is due to?

Back 11

• The sodium pattasium pump
• For every three Na that move out of the cell, two K+ move in, the larger negatively charge ions within the cell cannot permeate through the membrane resulting in a slight negative charge within the cell with respect to the outside

Front 12

Depolarization of the plasma membrane is due to?

Back 12

The increase of extracellular concentration of potassium (K+)

Front 13

Can graded potentials summate? and if so, can they form an action potential?

Back 13

Yes they can summate, and if strong enough together, can form an action potential

Front 14

What is the principle that action potentials follow?

Back 14

All or none

Front 15

absolute refractory period

Back 15

• Period following the firing of an action potential in which no action potential is produced by stimulus

Front 16

Can conduction of an action potential travel one way, or two ways?

Back 16

One way

Front 17

Are Nodes of Ranvier myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 17

Unmyelinated

Front 18

Do large diameter axons conduct faster than small diameter axons?

Back 18

Yes, large diameter axons conduct faster than smaller ones

Front 19

Nerve Fiber Type A?

Back 19

• Large diameter myelinated
• Motor neurons supplying skeletal and most sensory neurons
• Conduct the fastest

Front 20

Nerve Fiber Type B?

Back 20

• Medium diameter, lightly myelinated
• Part of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
• Conducts slower than Type A

Front 21

Nerve Fiber Type C?

Back 21

• Small diameter, unmyelinated
• Part of ANS (autonomic nervous system)
• Conduct the slowest of all three types

Front 22

Neuromodulators act in?

Back 22

axoaxonic synapses

Front 23

Where are action potentials initiated?

Back 23

The Axon hillock

Front 24

Which part of the brain regulates heart rate and respiration?

Back 24

The Medulla oblongata

Front 25

Which part of the brain houses the Corpora Quadrigemina?

Back 25

The Mid Brain

Front 26

Reticular Formation?

Back 26

A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem that control cyclic activities such as sleep and wake cycles

Front 27

Arbor Vitae?

Back 27

Refers to the tree shape pattern of white matter inside the cerebellum

Front 28

The Cerebellum is involved in?

Back 28

• Controls muscle movement and tone
  
• governsbalance
  
• regulates extent of intentional movement
  
• involved in learning motor skills
  

Front 29

What is the name of the stock that connects the hypo-thalamus to the pituitary gland?

Back 29

The Infundibulum

Front 30

Pineal gland?

Back 30

• Produces melatonin to regulate the circadian rhythm (biological clock)
  
• Influences sleepiness
• may play a role in puberty

Front 31

Hypothalamus functions?

Back 31

• Receives input from viscera, taste receptors, limbic system, nipples, external genitalia, and prefrontal cortex
• Important in regulation of mood, emotion, sexual pleasure, satiation, rage, and fear.

Front 32

Frontal lobe functions?

Back 32

• Primarily responsible for voluntary motor function

Front 33

Which lobe of the cerebrum is involved in recognition of images?

Back 33

The Occipital lobe

Front 34

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is found in the?

Back 34

• Sub-arachnoid space
  
• in between the pia mater (directly covering the brain) and the arachnoid mater (superficial to the pia mater, but deep to the Dura mater)
  

Front 35

Falx cerebri?

Back 35

An infolding of the dura mater between the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 36

Tentorium cerebelli?

Back 36

An infolding of the dura mater between the cerebellum and cerebrum

Front 37

What does the septum pellucidum do?

Back 37

A membrane that separates the two lateral ventricles of the brain

Front 38

Is the ocular motor nerve purely motor?

Back 38

No, it is also parasympathetic

Front 39

Trochlear nerve supplies which musle?

Back 39

• Supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye

Front 40

Trigeminal nerve?

Back 40

• Supplies the muscles of the face
• Includes an Ophthalmic branch (sensory from scalp, forehead, nose, upper eyelid and cornea), a maxillary branch (sensory from palate, upper jaw, upper teeth and gums), and a Mandibular branch (sensory and motor, sensory from lower jaw lower teeth and gums, anterior two thirds of tongue; motor to muscles of mastication)

Front 41

Facial Nerve?

Back 41

• Sensory, motor, and parasmpathetic
• Responsible for sense of taste from anterior two thirds of tongue
• Motor to muscles of facial expression
• Parasympathetic to submandibullar and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and glands of nasal cavity and palate

Front 42

Vestibulocochlear nerve?

Back 42

• Sensory for special senses of hearing (cochlear nerve) and balance (vestibular nerve)

Front 43

Vagus Nerve?

Back 43

• Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic
• Sensory from parts of abdomen and sense of taste from posterior tongue
• Motor to soft palate, pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles
• Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal viscera

Front 44

Which muscles does the accessory nerve supply?

Back 44

• Both the Sternoclaidomastoid and the Trapezius muscles

Front 45

Which cranial nerve is involved in migraines?

Back 45

The Trigeminal nerve

Front 46

Herpes Simplex 1 remains dormant in which ganglion?

Back 46

The Trigeminal ganglion

Front 47

Which substances can pass through the blood brain barrier?

Back 47

• Lipid-soluble substances can pass through by diffusion: (nicotine, ethanol, heroin)
• Water soluble substances can move through by mediated transport: (amino acids, glucose)

Front 48

Meninges

Back 48

• Connective tissue membranes that envelope the spinal chord and brain
  
• Consists of Dura mater (superficial), Arachnoid mater (medial), Pia mater (deep)

Front 49

Patient comes in with double vision and an inability to abduct the eye...what is the cause?

Back 49

• Possible lesion to the Abducens nerve which supplies the lateral rectus muscle