Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many bones are in the Axial Skeleton? What are the 6 components? |
80 bones The Skull The ossicles of the middle ear the hyoid bone the rib cage Sternum vetebral column |
|
|
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? What are the components? |
126 bones Pectorial (4) Arms/Forearms (6) Hands (54) Pelvic (6) Thigh/Leg (8) feet/ankles (52) |
|
|
what is the function of the skeletal system? |
Support the body frame Protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and bone marrow Movement: limb movement Electrolyte balance Acid/Base balance Hematopoiesis |
|
|
what are the 2 types of compositions contained in bone tissues? |
organic material: makes up ⅓ bone weight- mostly cells and collagenous fibers flexibility with protein components collagens have sacrificial bond that breaks under stress-protecting a bone from fracture by dissipating some of the shock
inorganic material: makes up ⅔ bone weight- mostly consisted of hydroxyapatite (complex calcium phosphate salt) enables bones to support weight of body w/o saggingless calcium salt= soft/bendable bones |
|
|
what are some hormonal/dietary impact on bone? |
Calcitonin Calcitriol Cortisol Estrogen/Testosterone/growth hormones Insulin Thyroid Vitamins A C D |
|
|
What are the 2 basic structural types of bones? |
1. compact bones: made up of osteons 2. Spongy/Cancellous bones: made up of trabeculae |
|
|
what are the 5 structural components of an Osteons? |
1. central canal/haversian canal 2.perforating canal/volkmann canal 3.osetocytes in lacunae 4.canaloculi 5.Lamellae |
|
|
what are the 5 categories of bones? |
1. Long bone 2. Short Bone 3. Flat 4. Irregular bones 5. Sesamoid |
|
|
what are Long Bones? |
Shape: Cylindrical Function: provides leverage and encloses bone marrow Location: Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Fibia, Radius, Ulna |
|
|
What are Short Bones? |
Shape: Cuboidal, Oval, Oblong shape-tightly packed Function: compression of force quality and limited gliding movement Location: (8) Carpal and (7) Tarsal Bones |
|
|
What are Flat Bones? |
Shape: Thin Curved Plates/Smooth surface-Diploe Function: protection of delicate organs Location: Ribs, Hips, Skull, Sternum |
|
|
What are Irregular Bones? |
Shaped: Multiple and various shape Location: Vetebra and 3 tiny middle ear bones |
|
|
What are Sesamoid Bones? |
Shaped: Fits into other bones Function: Supportive Bone Location: Patella |
|
|
What are the 8 different surface markings? |
1. Heads 2. Fossa 3. Neck 4. Foramen 5. Trichanters 6. Tubercles 7. Tubersities 8. Condyle/Epicondyles (Femur, Tibia, and Spine) |
|
|
Where is the Hyoid bone located? What are some of it's unique features? |
Located posterior to the mandible 1. not articulated with any bone 2. anchored by muscle 3. attached to the mouth, tongue, larynx, epiglottis and pharynx |
|
|
what are 2 types of fracture? |
1. Stress 2. Pathological |
|
|
What are the 4 steps on healing fractures? |
1. formation of hematoma 2. formation of soft callus 3. conversion of soft callus to hard callus 4. remodeling |
|
|
what are 2 medical intervention when treating fractures? |
Open reduction= surgery Closed reduction= no surgery |
|
|
what are 7 types of fractures? |
Open Fracture: broken bone and liaison of skin/muscle
Displacement: not in alignment, with a fracture Comminuted: crushing fracture in > than 3 places on the ends Green Stick: bone bends and cracks but, goes back to normal shape Transverse: fracture that goes thru the entire bone left to right Oblique: 45 degree angled fracture Epiphyseal: long bone separation from epiphyseal plates/removal of hyaline cartilage |
|
|
What is the difference between Interstitial and Appositional Bone Growth? (Wolff's Law?) |
Interstitial Bone Growth: enlargement of internal mass of the cartilage by chondrocytes and continued deposition of matrix
Appositional Bone Growth: inner layer of periosteum, differentiation of chondroblasts → increasing the cartilage mass by adding to the surface→ bone growth in size Wolff’s Law” the principle that every change in the form and function of the bone leads to change in its internal architecture and external form |
|
|
What are the 3 regions on the Sternum? |
1. Manubrium 2. Gladiolus 3. Xiphoid Process |
|
|
What are the labels for all 12 pairs of ribs? |
1-7= True Ribs 8-10= False Ribs 11-12= Floating Ribs |
|
|
What are the 4 Paranasal Sinuses Areas? (HINT: FEMS) |
Frontal (forhead) Ethmoid (behind the nasal bone) Maxilla (roof of the mouth/nasal cavity) Sphenoid (behind the Ethmoid/around the eyes) |
|
|
What are osteogenic cells? |
stem cells from embryonic mesenchymal cells found in the endosteum and inner layer of the periosteum multiply none stopbecome osteoblast
|
|
|
What are Osteoblast cells? |
bone-forming cells roughly cuboidal or angular and line up in a layer on the surface of the bone under the endosteum and periosteum non mitotic synthesize soft matters of the bone matrix stress and fracture = multiple quickly to reinforce or rebuild bone secretion of hormones called osteocalcin stimulates insulin secretion by pancreatic and adipocytes and limit growth of adipose tissue |
|
|
What are Osteocytes cells? |
reside in Lacunae which connects to canaliculi delicate cytoplasmic process connected by gap junction to pass nutrients/metabolic wastes, chemical signals functions: Some reabsorbs bone matrix |
|
|
What are Osteoclasts cells? |
dissolving cells on the bones surfacescome from same marrow as blood cells formed by fusion of several stem cells have 3-4 nucleus side facing the bone has a ruffled border with infolding in the plasma membrane increases surface area → enhance bone resorption side in pits called resorption bays bone dissolving
|
|
|
What are the functions of FEMS?
|
1. Produce mucus
2. keep air warm and humified 3.lighten bones of head 4. produce resonance to voice |
|
|
What are the 5 sections of the spine? How many bones in each?
|
1. Cervical (7)
2. Thoracic (12) 3. Lumbar (5) 4. Sacral (5) 5. Coccyx (5) |
|
|
What is the function of the Cervical bones in the spine?
|
support head and allow movement of the head
|
|
|
what is the function of the Thoracic bones in the spine?
|
support thoracic cage with organs
|
|
|
what is the function of the Lumbar bones in the spine?
|
weight bearing to support the torso and head
|
|
|
what is the function of the Sacral bones in the spine?
|
support hips/pelvic region
|
|
|
what is the function of the Coccyx bones in the spine?
|
serves as attachment point for ligaments
|
|
|
What are some spine related injuries?
|
1. Kyphosis: humpback
2. Lordosis: swayback 3. Scoliosis: curve in the spine 4. Herniated disk: spine disk displacement 5. Spina bifida: no neutral spine arch |
|
|
What are some bone related illnesses?
|
osteities deforman
Osteomyelitis osteogensis imperfecta Osteosarcome |
|
|
what are the 4 bones in the Pectoral girdle?
|
Clavicle and Scapula (holds humerus bone)
|
|
|
What are the 8 carpal bones?
|
4 Proximal:
1. Scaphoid 2. Lunates 3. triangular 4. Pisiform 4 Distal: 1. trapezium 2.trapezoid 3. capitate 4.hamate |
|
|
How many bones make up the metacarpus? what are they called?
|
56 long bones
Distal phalanges, middle phalanges, proximal phalanges |
|
|
what are the 2 kinds of pelvic bones
|
WOmen: Gynecoid (flared)
Men: Andriod |
|
|
How many bones are in the ankle? WHat are they?
|
7 bones:
1-Calcaneus 1-Talus 1-Navicular 1-Cubodial 3-Cuneiform |
|
|
how many bones are in the foot? what are they?
|
10 metatarsals
28 phalanges |
