Anatomy And Physiology Exam #1

Front 1

dorsal

Back 1

toward the backbone

Front 2

ventral

Back 2

toward the bellyside, away from backbone

Front 3

anterior

Back 3

toward the front

Front 4

posterior

Back 4

toward the back..tail end

Front 5

superficial

Back 5

towards the surface

Front 6

superior

Back 6

upper,external

Front 7

inferiror

Back 7

lower

Front 8

cranial

Back 8

towards head

Front 9

caudal

Back 9

towards the tail

Front 10

medial

Back 10

towards the midline

Front 11

lateral

Back 11

away from axis

Front 12

proximal

Back 12

towards the body

Front 13

distal

Back 13

away from the body

Front 14

sagittal plane (median)

Back 14

divides body into left and right halves

Front 15

frontal or coronal

Back 15

seperates body into front and back

Front 16

Central Nervous System

Back 16

Brain and spinal cord

Front 17

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 17

cranial and spinal nerves

Front 18

Neural Transmission

Back 18

1) All cells are polarized
2) Neurons are special
3) Neurons briefly alter their polarization

Front 19

dendrites

Back 19

afferent (receive signal)

Front 20

axon

Back 20

efferent- sends out signal

Front 21

Axon Hilloch

Back 21

location of all stimulated (pos or neg) decisions to generate signal (action potential).

Front 22

myelin sheath

Back 22

covers axon, fat serves as insulator to promote speed of action potential to jump

Front 23

Node of Ranvier

Back 23

action potential jumps from node to node

Front 24

Synapes

Back 24

axon ending and membrane of other cell

Front 25

Info is _____ @ synaptiv celf

Back 25

*transferred

Front 26

Information is coded _________

Back 26

chemoelectrically coded
(neurotransmitters causes change in ion channels at post synaptic cleft)

Front 27

Action potential

Back 27

1) Excitatory post-synaptic potential
2) Reaches axon hillock
3) If depolarization reaches thershold, generates AP

Front 28

Electrostatic gradient

Back 28

*like charges repel
* opposite charges attract
* leads to a bioeletric potential

Front 29

Concentration gradient

Back 29

*movement f particles in fluid
* High to low
* Diffusion (random movement of particles)

Front 30

Na+ passive moevement of ion across cell membrane

Back 30

electrostatic-in
concentration-in

Front 31

K+ Potassium movement across cell membrane

Back 31

electrostatis-in
concentration-out

Front 32

Cl- movement across membrane

Back 32

electrostatic- our
concentration-in

Front 33

Neuron's charge

Back 33

negatively charged wants to go to positively charged enviornment

Front 34

depolarization

Back 34

positive charge into cell (excitation) sodium channels open

Front 35

Na+ channels open

Back 35

generate spike to 30+mV

Front 36

Maximum charge of NA+ then...

Back 36

sodium channels close, potassium channels open bc enviornment is now positve

Front 37

Repolarization occurs

Back 37

Potassium ions leave the neuron. Channels close once charge is negative

Front 38

Rebalance to resting level

Back 38

Potassium and Sodium ions pump reach reaches rest potential

Front 39

Refactory Period

Back 39

entrance of sodium and potassium, cannot generate another action potential.

Front 40

myelination

Back 40

in the PNS one Schwann cell sprials around one axon

Front 41

saltatory conduction

Back 41

* AP jumps from node to node
* Increase AP conduction
* Energy efficient

Front 42

Synapse and Neurotransmitters

Back 42

1) AP travels to the end of the axon
2) Changes the terminal ending of membranes to allow calcium influx
3) This elicits the release of neurotransmittters at the terminal ending
4) neurotransmitters change the permeablity of the post-synaptic membrane (muscle fiber or another axon)

Front 43

Action potentials can lead to ______

Back 43

Muscle Action Potential (MAP)

Front 44

Motor Unit

Back 44

Neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 45

Innervation Ratio

Back 45

# of fibers controlled by one neuron. 5-1000
* low ratio- very fine motion
*high ratio-lrg steps in force