Anatomy And Physiology Chap 1,2,3,4

Front 1

2 general classes of cells?

Back 1

1. sex cells
2. all other cells in the body

Front 2

relationship between _______ & _______ determines how large a cell will be.

Back 2

cell volume & cell surface area

Front 3

cell dividend into 3 parts:

Back 3

1. plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. nucleus

Front 4

plasma membrane

Back 4

1. seperates the intracelluar from the extracelluar
2. selective barrier;
3. monitors flow in and out of cell; the communication
4. structural support of cell

Front 5

cytoplasm divided into ______
& ________

Back 5

cytosol (intracellular fluid) &
organelles

Front 6

diff between cytosol and extracellular fluid

Back 6

1. more K+ in cell; more Na+ outside the cell

Front 7

2 types of organelles ______&________

Back 7

1.non-membraneous ie...(cytoskeleton,microvilli,
ribosomes)
2. membraneous ie...
(ER,golgi complex, mitochondria)

Front 8

nucleus

Back 8

genes inside that control cell structure and activities

Front 9

another name for the plasma membrane

Back 9

fluid mosaic model

Front 10

lipid bilayer the backbone of the plasma membrane is made up of 3 types of lipid molecules

Back 10

1. phospholipids: contain phosphate groups
2. cholesterol: stabilize membrane
3. glycolipids: appear only in membrane layer facing extracellular fluid

Front 11

another name for polar portion of phosphate head

Back 11

hydrophillic

Front 12

another name for the non-polar
two long fatty acid tails

Back 12

hydrophobic

Front 13

integral proteins:

Back 13

membrane protein that extends into or through the bilayer; part of the membrane if removed causes damage;
*human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by glycomproteins*

Front 14

transmembrane proteins

Back 14

integral proteins that stretch across whole bilayer (involved in transport)

Front 15

membrane protein channels:

Back 15

formed by transmembrane proteins; selectively take in h20 and small solutes

Front 16

membrane carrier proteins

Back 16

bind polar substance at one side change the shape move to other side of membrane

Front 17

receptor proteins

Back 17

integral proteins that serve as cell recognition, binding specific molecules

Front 18

ligand

Back 18

specific molecule that binds to a receptor

Front 19

cell id markers (recognition proteins)

Back 19

enable cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation & respond to dangerous foreign cells

Front 20

carbohydrate portions of glycolipids,glycoproteins, and proteoglycans form sugary coat called _______

Back 20

glycocalyx

Front 21

glycocalyx does

Back 21

1. allow cells to recognize eachother (identical in twins only)
2. but different from cell type to cell type ie...sperm recognizes ovum by its unique glycocalyx
3. protects cell from being digested by enzymes in extracelluar fluid
4. attract a film of fluid to surface of cell that lubricates and protects cell membrane

Front 22

define membrane fluiditiy 2 reasons:

Back 22

1. # of double bonds
2. amount of cholesterol (strengthens bilayer but too much accumiliation causes celluar rigiditity)

Front 23

2 types
membrane permeability

Back 23

1. freely permeable
2. selectively permeable

Front 24

selective permeable membrane has many factors

Back 24

1. size,shape etc of substance trying to pass
2. *only living membranes can be selectively permeable*

Front 25

2 types of ions or molecules higher concentrations found in: 1. extracellular fluid
2. cytosol

Back 25

1. 02 & Na+
2. K+ and C02

difference lies in the chemical concentration on eachside of the plasma membrane

Front 26

electric gradient ( resting potential/ transmembrane potential) difference in + & - charged ions on each side of the plasma membrane

Back 26

1. transmembrane potential in a resting cell is called the resting potential
2. inner surface usually more negatively charged
3. each cell has its own potential (-10 to -100 mv)
skeletal muscle -85mv
neurons -70mv
cardiac muscle cell -90mv
adipocytes -40mv

Front 27

ions held on either side of cell membrane have potential energy which is stored in the transmembrane potential

Back 27

use of potential energy cause
1. action potential
2. muscle contraction
3. glandular secretions

Front 28

definition of electrochemical gradient

Back 28

ions are influenced by both the chemical and electrical gradient combined is the definition

Front 29

substances cross plasma membrane via transport process by 2 criteria

Back 29

1. they are mediated or nonmediated
2. they are active or passive

Front 30

mediated transport

Back 30

materials move through with assistance of a transporter protein.

Front 31

passive transport

Back 31

substance moves down concentration/electric gradient
using its own kinetic energy;
can be mediated or nonmediated

Front 32

active transport

Back 32

cell energy (ATP) used to drive cell "uphill" against gradient;
all are mediated transports

Front 33

example of non-mediated passive transport process

Back 33

diffusion
1a. through the lipid bilayer
2a. through a channel

Front 34

mediated passive transport process

Back 34

facilitated diffusion

Front 35

active transport process

Back 35

uniporters/coupled transporters
2a. symporters (move in same direction)
2b. antiporters (move in opposite direction across membrane)

Front 36

2 types of vesicular transport

Back 36

endocytosis & exocytosis

Front 37

principles of diffusion

Back 37

1. both solutes and solvents undergo diffusion
2. a molecule (in solution) will diffuse from high concentration to low concentration (net diffusion)

Front 38

factors that influence the diffusion rate

Back 38

1. greater the diff in the concentration between the 2 sides of membrane; faster the diffusion;

Front 39

osmosis

Back 39

net movement of solvent through selectively permeable membrane
(h20 moves from high concentration to lower ones) or (h20 moves from one side of the plasma membrane to the other)

Front 40

hydrostatic pressure

Back 40

pressure exerted by fluid on the walls that contain it

Front 41

osmotic pressure

Back 41

pressure required to prevent h20 from moving when seperated by a selectively permiable membrane
*higher concentration of solutes; higher the osmotic pressure of solution*

Front 42

h20 cross the p.m. in 2 ways

Back 42

1. diffusion through lipid bilayer
2. through aquaporines (transmembrane proteins that act as water channels)

Front 43

2 requirements for osmosis

Back 43

1. difference in the concentration on 2 sides of a s.p.m.
2. membrane must be relatively impermeable to solute; (solutes that can't pass through are said to be osmotically active)

Front 44

rules of osmolality

Back 44

1. osmotic pressure depends on ratio of solute to solvent not on the chemical nature of solute molecules
2.

Front 45

300 mm glucose solution;
.3Osm glucose solution;
300 mOsm glucose sol;
&
0.9% NaCl solution which ionizes to a total concentration of 300mOsm

Back 45

have same osmolality and osmostic pressure as plasma

Front 46

because 300 mOsm of glucose & 0.9% NaCl have same osmolality

Back 46

said to be iso-osmotic to plasma
*plasma and i.c.f have same osmolarity*

Front 47

define tonicity

Back 47

effect of a solution on osmotic movement of water.

Front 48

A solution may be isosmotic but not isotonic

Back 48

ie...300mOsm urea
when a solute in the isosmotic solution can freely pass

Front 49

solutions have lower #'s of solutes than that of plasma so you have

Back 49

hypo osmotic to plasma
hypo tonic to plasma

Front 50

solutions have higher #'s of solutes than that of plasma

Back 50

higher osmotic pressure; therefore are hyper osmotic to plasm; also if osmotically active they become hypertonic to plasma

Front 51

filtration is a _______

Back 51

passive process involving a pressure gradient

Front 52

filtration is used to

Back 52

force fluid out of capillaries and the kidneys

Front 53

diffusion through membrane channels is slower

Back 53

than going through the lipid bilayer ( smaller portion of membrane surface area is occupied by channels)

Front 54

ion channels may be

Back 54

open always (leakage)
"gated"
1. chemically (ligated)
2. voltage
3. mechanically

Front 55

facillitated diffusion

Back 55

solutes that are to highly charged, polar, large in size to pass through bilayer through membrane channels can cross by this method

Front 56

rate of facilitated diffusion

Back 56

determined by the steepnes of the concentration gradient of both sides of membrane...
&
number of transporters available (transport maximum)

Front 57

process of facillitated diffusion

Back 57

exhibits saturation

Front 58

active transport

Back 58

solutes that need to move uphill against its concentration gradient (Na+,K+,H+, amino acids,) cross by this process

Front 59

active transport is mediated or an energy requiring process;
exhibits a transport max and saturation....what is the source that drives active transport?

Back 59

ATP..is the source of primary active transport
energy stored in the ionic concentration gradient is the source of secondary active transport

Front 60

transport proteins that carry out primary active transport called

Back 60

pumps....

Front 61

the Na+/K+ pump

Back 61

keeps the intracellular level of Na+ low and K+ high (maintains membrane potential)

Front 62

vesicular transport

Back 62

small sac that buds of from existing membrane...
transport from one structure to another within the cell...
take in substance from the extracellular fluid...
release substance into the e.c.f

Front 63

main types of vesicular transport

Back 63

endocytosis&exocytosis

Front 64

endocytosis

Back 64

moves material from the e.c.f. into the cell in a vessicle formed by the plasma membrane...

Front 65

3 types of endocytosis

Back 65

1. receptor mediated endocytosis....highly selective type endocytosis (forms after a receptor protein in the plasma membrane binds to a specific ligand in the e.c.f
2. bulk phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)
3. phagocytosis..a form of endocytosis in which a large solid particle (bacteria,virus) are taken into the cell vital for body defense mechanism

Front 66

exocytosis is

Back 66

material moved out of the cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane...
especially important in nerve cells (release neurotransmitters) and secretory cells (secrete digestive enzymes or hormones)

Front 67

cytoplasm divided into

Back 67

cytosol and organelles

Front 68

cystol consists of about

Back 68

75-90% h20
site of many chemical reactions and cell activites like energy production...building blocks for cell structure