Anatomy And Physiology: Ch. 4

Front 1

tissues

Back 1

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

Front 2

histology

Back 2

the study of tissues

Front 3

tissue types

Back 3

1) epithelial-covering
2) connective-support
3) muscle-movement
4) nervous-control

Front 4

epithelial tissue

Back 4

sheets of cells that covers body surface/lines body cavity

Front 5

types of epithelium

Back 5

1) covering & lining epithelium
2) glandular epithelium

Front 6

functions of epithelium

Back 6

1) protection
2) absorption
3) filtration
4) excretion
5) secretion
6) sensory reception

Front 7

epithelium: polarity

Back 7

-regions near apical differ from basal in structure & function
-basal lamina- supporting sheet, consists of glycoproteins

Front 8

epithelium: specialized contacts

Back 8

cells bound by lateral contacts
expl: tight junctions/desmosomes

Front 9

epithelium: supported by connective tissue

Back 9

reticular lamina-layer of extracell. matrix and contains network of collagen protein fibers
basal+lamina=basement membrane
-helps resist tearing

Front 10

epithelium: avascular but innervated

Back 10

innervated- supplied by nerve fibers
avascular-no blood vessels

Front 11

epithelium: regeneration

Back 11

if apical-basal polarity destroyed, epithelial cells reproduce themselves

Front 12

simple epithelia

Back 12

-single cell layer, very thin
-function: absorption, secretion, filtration

Front 13

stratified epithelia

Back 13

-2 or more cell layers
-found in high-abrasion areas

Front 14

cell shapes of epithelia

Back 14

1) squamous- flattened/scalelike
nucleus: flattened disc
2) cuboidal- boxlike
nucleus: spherical
3) columnar- tall/column shaped
nucleus: elongated, near base

Front 15

simple squamous epithelium

Back 15

-cells flattened laterally
-thin & permeable
-found where filtration by rapid diffusion
expl: kidneys, lungs

Front 16

endothelium

Back 16

-"inner covering"
-friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels & cardio.

Front 17

mesothelium

Back 17

-"middle covering"
-found in serous membranes
-lines ventral body cavity & cover organs

Front 18

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 18

-single layer, cubelike cells
-function: secretion & absorption
-location: ducts of glands, kidney tubules

Front 19

simple columnar epithelium

Back 19

-single layer of tall, closely packed cells
-function: absorption & secretion
-lines digestive tract

Front 20

goblet cells

Back 20

secrete protective lubricating mucus

Front 21

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 21

-cells vary in height
-cell nuclei lie at diff. levels explaines (pseudo layers)
-function: secretes & absorbs
-location: respiratory tract

Front 22

stratified epithelia

Back 22

2 or more cell layers
function: protection

Front 23

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 23

several layers and thick
function: protection
location: areas subjected to wear & tear

Front 24

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 24

rare, 2 layers of cuboidal cells
location: ducts of large glands like sweat & mammary glands

Front 25

stratified columnar epithelium

Back 25

rare: limited distribution
found in small amts
-pharynx, male urethra, lining of glandular ducts

Front 26

transitional epithelium

Back 26

-forms lining of hollow urinary organs
-has domelike apical cells
-can stretch/distend 6 to 3 layers
-cells: cuboidal/columnar

Front 27

glandular epithelia

Back 27

gland makes & secretes products
types: 1) endocrine "internally"
2) exocrine "externally"

Front 28

endocrine glands

Back 28

-ductless glands
-produce hormones secreted by exocytosis, enters through blood/lymphatic fluid

Front 29

exocrine glands

Back 29

-glands with ducts
-secrete products onto skin
includes mucous, sweat, oil

Front 30

unicellular exocrine glands

Back 30

-goblet cell which produce mucin (mucus)

Front 31

multicellular exocrine glands

Back 31

parts: 1)epithelium- derived duct
2)secretory unit-secretory cells

Front 32

simple glands

Back 32

unbranched duct

Front 33

compound glands

Back 33

branched duct

Front 34

secretory units

Back 34

1)tubular- secretory cells form tubes
2)alveolar-form small, flasklike sacs
3)tubulaveolar-both tubes/alveolar

Front 35

merocrine glands

Back 35

secrete product by exocytosis
expl: pancreas, sweat/salivary glands

Front 36

holocrine glands

Back 36

accumulate products until they rupture
expl: sebaceous glands

Front 37

main classes of connective tissue

Back 37

1) connective tissue proper
2) cartilage
3) bone
4) blood

Front 38

functions of connective tissue

Back 38

1) binding & support
2) protection
3) insulation
4) transportation

Front 39

characteristics of connective tissue

Back 39

1) common origin- arise from mesenchyme
2) degrees of vascularity
CT- vascular
cartilage- avascular
3) extracell. matrix- bear weihht, withstand tension

Front 40

bone

Back 40

function: support & protect
matrix- hard & rigid
osteoblasts- produce organic portion
osteocytes- mature bone cells

Front 41

blood

Back 41

red blood cells- enthrocytes
white blood cells- leukocytes
function: transports for cardio

Front 42

nervous tissue

Back 42

regulates & controls body function
cell: neurons-specialized nerve cells that generate & conduct nerve impulses

Front 43

muscle tissue

Back 43

well-vascularized/ myofilaments
types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 44

skeletal muscle

Back 44

form flesh & cause body movements
striated, multinucl.
voluntary

Front 45

cardiac muscle

Back 45

in walls of heart
striated & uninucleate
involuntary
junctions: intercalated discs

Front 46

smooth muscle

Back 46

no striations
involuntary
one centrally located nucleus
found in walls of hollow organs

Front 47

types of membranes

Back 47

1) cutaneous
2) mucous
3) serous

Front 48

skin

Back 48

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to dense irregular CT (dermis)

Front 49

cutaneous membrane

Back 49

exposed to air
dry membrane

Front 50

mucous membrane

Back 50

line body cavities open to exterior
location: hollow organs of digestive, resp, urogenital tracts
function: absorption & secretion

Front 51

blood

Back 51

red blood cells- enthrocytes
white blood cells- leukocytes
function: transports for cardio

Front 52

nervous tissue

Back 52

regulates & controls body function
cell: neurons-specialized nerve cells that generate & conduct nerve impulses

Front 53

muscle tissue

Back 53

well-vascularized/ myofilaments
types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 54

skeletal muscle

Back 54

form flesh & cause body movements
striated, multinucl.
voluntary

Front 55

cardiac muscle

Back 55

in walls of heart
striated & uninucleate
involuntary
junctions: intercalated discs

Front 56

smooth muscle

Back 56

no striations
involuntary
one centrally located nucleus
found in walls of hollow organs

Front 57

types of membranes

Back 57

1) cutaneous
2) mucous
3) serous

Front 58

skin

Back 58

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to dense irregular CT (dermis)

Front 59

cutaneous membrane

Back 59

exposed to air
dry membrane

Front 60

mucous membrane

Back 60

line body cavities open to exterior
location: hollow organs of digestive, resp, urogenital tracts
function: absorption & secretion

Front 61

serous membrane

Back 61

moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities

Front 62

serous fluid

Back 62

lubricates parietal & visceral layers

Front 63

tissue repair

Back 63

-trauma stimulates body's inflammatory/immune responses
-repair occurs by regeneration & fibrosis

Front 64

regeneration

Back 64

replacement of destroyed tissue w/ same kind of tissue

Front 65

fibrosis

Back 65

create scar tissue-fibrous CT

Front 66

tissue repair step 1: inflammation sets the stage

Back 66

-release inflammatory chem., cause capillaries to dilate which becomes permeable
-allows WBC, plasma fluid, antibodies seep through
-clotting proteins construct clot & isolates injured area
-clot dries & hardens-creates scab

Front 67

tissue repair step 2: organization restores blood supply

Back 67

organization-1st phase of repair
blood clot- replaced by granulation tissue which contains capillaries
-fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers and macrophages digest blood clot and phagocytize dead cell debris

Front 68

tissue repair step 3: regeneration & fibrosis effect permanent repair

Back 68

regenerating epithelium thickens to resemble skin
result: fully generated epithelium & underlying scar tissue