Anatomy And Physiology: Ch. 3

Front 1

cells

Back 1

structure units of living things,
smallest living unit,
composed of C,H,O,N

Front 2

cell theory

Back 2

1)cell-basic structural/functional unit
2)organism activity-depends on cell activities
3)principle of complementarity- cell activity dictated by structures
4)continuity of life-has cellular basis

Front 3

generalized cell

Back 3

parts: 1)plasma membrane
2)cytoplasm
3)nucleus

Front 4

Fluid mosaic model

Back 4

depicts plasma membrane as thin structure of bilayer of lipid molec w/ protein molec

Front 5

lipid bilayer

Back 5

consists of phospholipids w/ cholest & glycolipids
-phospholipids: unsaturated- kinks tail increase space

Front 6

glycolipids

Back 6

-phospholipids w/ attached sugar groups
-found on outer plasma membrane surface

Front 7

lipid rafts

Back 7

-20% of outer membrane surface
-assemblies of saturated phospholipids
w/ unique lipids: sphingolipids & cholest
-platforms for signaling

Front 8

integral proteins

Back 8

-inserted into lipid bilayer
-have hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions
-transmembrane proteins:span membrane & protrude both sides

Front 9

transmembrane proteins

Back 9

-involved in transport
-cluster to form channels (pores)
-act as carriers-bind to substances
-receptors & relay messages to cell interior (signal transduction)

Front 10

peripheral proteins

Back 10

-not embedded in lipid
-attach loosely to integral proteins or membrane lipids
-include network of filaments that help support membrane

Front 11

glycocalyx

Back 11

fuzzy, sticky carb. rich area
"sugar-coated"
enriched by glycolipids & glycoproteins
provides specific biological markers

Front 12

microvilli

Back 12

-fingerlike extensions of membrane that project from free/exposed cell surface
-increase plasma membrane surface area
-have actin:contractile filaments
-acts as mechanical stiffener

Front 13

3 factors of membrane junctions

Back 13

1) glycoproteins in glycocalyx act as adhesive
2) wavy contours- fit in tongue & groove fashion
3) special junctions formed: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Front 14

tight junctions

Back 14

adjacent cells fuse together to form impermeable junction
expl: digestive tract

Front 15

desmosomes

Back 15

-anchoring junctions
-mechanical coupling scattered (rivets)
-plaque: buttonlike thickening
-adjacent cells held together by linker protein filaments
-abundant in tissues of mechanical stress
-expl: skin, heart muscle

Front 16

gap junctions

Back 16

-cells connected by hollow cylinders-connexons
present in excitable tissues-heart/smooth muscle

Front 17

interstitial fluid

Back 17

-extracell. fluid
-derived from blood
-contains amino acids, sugars, fatty acids

Front 18

plasma membrane

Back 18

-selectively permeable barrier
allows subs. to pass while excluding others

Front 19

processes

Back 19

passive- cross membrane w/o energy
active- needs ATP to move

Front 20

passive processes

Back 20

2 types: diffusion & filtration
diffusion- occurs in every cell
filtration-occurs across capillary walls

Front 21

diffusion

Back 21

-tendency of molec. to scatter evenly
-move from high to low concentration and diffuses along concentration gradient
-driving force: kinetic energy

Front 22

simple diffusion

Back 22

-unassisted diffusion of lipid-soluble or small particles
-rate not controllable

Front 23

osmosis

Back 23

unassisted diffusion of solvent (water)

Front 24

facilitated diffusion

Back 24

-assisted diffusion & highly selective
-rate controllable by regulating carriers
-binds to protein carriers in membrane

Front 25

carrier

Back 25

-transmembrane integral protein that shows specificity for molec of large polar subs.
1) envelop then release transported subs.
2) binding site: moved from one membrane to other

Front 26

channels

Back 26

-transmembrane proteins that serve to transport subs. through aqueous channels
-selective b/c of pore size & charges of amino acids

Front 27

types of diffusion

Back 27

1) simple diffusion
2) facilitated diffusion
3) osmosis

Front 28

osmosis

Back 28

-diffusion of solvent (water), selectively permeable
-occurs when water concent. differs

Front 29

aquaporins

Back 29

water specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins

Front 30

osmolarity

Back 30

total concentration of solute particles in solution

Front 31

hydrostatic pressure

Back 31

back pressure exerted by water against membrane which equals osmotic pressure-cell's tendency to resist water entry

Front 32

tonicity

Back 32

ability of solution to change shape by altering internal water volume
-depends on
1) solute concent.
2) solute permeability

Front 33

isotonic

Back 33

-"same tonicity"
-same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes
-retain normal shape & no change in water

Front 34

hypertonic

Back 34

-solution w/ higher concentration than in cell
-cell lose water & crenate (shrink)

Front 35

hypotonic

Back 35

-solutions contain lower concent. than cells
-cells plump & water rushes into them then bursts and lyse

Front 36

selectivity

Back 36

simple diffusion & osmosis are not selective

Front 37

filtration

Back 37

process that forces water/solutes through membrane
gradient: pressure-pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from low to high

Front 38

active processes

Back 38

uses ATP
types: 1)primary active transport
2)secondary active transport

Front 39

active transport

Back 39

requires carrier proteins that combine specifically & reversibly w/ subs.

Front 40

primary active transport

Back 40

-hydrolysis of ATP
-active transporters/solute pumps move solutes against concent. gradient
-expl: sodium potassium pump

Front 41

active transport: Na+-K+ pump

Back 41

carrier: enzyme Na+-K+
-ionic concent. differences essential to maintain fuction
-Na+-K+ leak slowly but continuously along concent. ground
-Na+-K+ pump ejects 3 Na+ out of cell, 2 K+ back in cell
-maintains membrane potential & osmotic balance

Front 42

secondary active transport

Back 42

Na+-K+ pump indirectly drives secondary active transport
-moves Na+ membrane against concent. gradient

Front 43

vesicular transport

Back 43

-energized by ATP
-transport large particles, macromolecules, & fluids
-used for exocytosis & endocytosis

Front 44

transcytosis

Back 44

moves substances into, across, out of cell

Front 45

vesicular trafficking

Back 45

move subs. from one area to another

Front 46

phagocytosis

Back 46

cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) form & engulf particle

Front 47

membrane potential

Back 47

voltage across membrane
voltage- electrical potential energy

Front 48

resting membrane potential

Back 48

-50 to -100 mV
all cells polarized

Front 49

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Back 49

anchor cells to extracellular matrix

Front 50

membrane receptors

Back 50

contact signaling- important in normal development & immunity
electrical signaling- enrve impulse
chemical signal- neurotransmitters signal nerve impulse
-lygand (G-protein): 1st messenger

Front 51

cytoplasm

Back 51

material between plasma membrane & nucleus
cytosol- water w/ dissolved protein, salts, sugars

Front 52

mitochondria

Back 52

-double membrane structure
-produce ATP: need glucose & Oxygen
-responds to needs of ATP

Front 53

ribosomes

Back 53

responsible for synthesizing protein
found in ER & cytosol

Front 54

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 54

-rough ER contains ribosomes
-smooth ER is not studded w/ ribosomes

Front 55

smooth ER

Back 55

-tubules arranged in looping network
-catalyzes reaction in liver
-breaks down alcohol/drugs

Front 56

golgi apparatus

Back 56

"fedex"
stacked & flattened membranous sacs
function: modification, concent. & packaging of proteins

Front 57

lysosomes

Back 57

-spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
-breakdown nonuseful tissue
-breakdown bone to release calcium

Front 58

endomembrane system

Back 58

system of organelles:
produce, store, export biological molecules

Front 59

peroxisomes

Back 59

-contain peroxidase- help form water molec.
-membranous sacs contain oxidases/catalases
-detoxify harmful or toxic subs.
-neutralize dangerous free radicals

Front 60

free radicals

Back 60

highly reactive chemicals w/ unpaired electrons

Front 61

cytoskeleton

Back 61

skeleton of cell (framework)
dynamic, elaborate series of rods

Front 62

3 types of rods in cytoskeleton

Back 62

1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) intermediate filaments

Front 63

microtubules

Back 63

-elements w/ largest diameter, hollow tubes made of spherical protein
-determine cell shape & distribution of cellular organelles

Front 64

motor proteins

Back 64

tiny protein machines and pulled along microtubules

Front 65

microfilaments

Back 65

thinnest elements of cytoskeleton
strands of actin

Front 66

intermediate filaments

Back 66

-tough, insoluble protein fibers that have diameter between microfilaments & microtubules
-most stable & permanent
-have high tensile strength

Front 67

cilia

Back 67

whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces

Front 68

nucleus

Back 68

-contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin
gen-containing control center of cell

Front 69

nuclear membrane

Back 69

-selectively permeable double membrane
-supported by lamina propia & ER

Front 70

nucleoli

Back 70

ribosomal protein

Front 71

chromatin

Back 71

-threadlike strands of DNA & histones
-DNA wrapped around proteins

Front 72

network of protein tubules that support & maintain shape of cell

Back 72

microtubules

Front 73

these proteins span the plasma membrane and are often channel proteins or carrier proteins

Back 73

integral proteins

Front 74

specialized, finger like projections of the plasma membrane that increase the cell surface are

Back 74

microvilli

Front 75

this membrane junction uses protein plaques with the linking proteins between them to join adjacent cell membranes; found in the skin

Back 75

desmosomes

Front 76

this transport process uses a carrier protein but no ATP to move molecules down its concentration gradient

Back 76

facilitated diffusion

Front 77

this organelle is primarily responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs

Back 77

peroxosomes

Front 78

this nuclear region synthesizes ribosomal subunits

Back 78

nucleus

Front 79

this spherical organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down waste or glycogen

Back 79

lysosomes