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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter
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Matter is anything that occupies space
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Physical Change
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Only the physical appearance of matter has changed in the process
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Chemical Change
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The matter chemically changes the composition of the matter involved
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Trace Elements
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make up 96% of body weight, the remaining 4% are considered Trace elements, even though they are such small amounts, trace elements are essential in life
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Atom
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Smallest unit of an element, the basic unit of matter
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Protons
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Located in the nucleus and carry a positive charge
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Neutrons
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Located in the nucleus and carry no charge, they are neutral
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Electrons
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Carry a negetive charge, which is electrical,
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What makes an atom different?
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The difference is the amount of protons and electrons in each atom, having different numbers of protons and neutrons makes them unique
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Atomic number
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Describes the number of protons in the nucleus
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What is the Atomic Weight?
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The Atomic weight can be determined by adding the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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Isotope
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An isotope is a different form of the same atom, it has the same atomic number as an atom but a different atomic weight, they are also unstable and often the nucleus will breakbreak
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Radioisotopes
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they are unstable and often the nucleus will break down, decay, or give off energy waves making the nuclei more stable, making them a radio isotope
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Radioactivity
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The process in which there is a spontaneous breakdown or decay, radioisotopes are damaging to tissue and are used clinically to destroy cells, ex: radioactive iodine is used to destroy excess thyroid tissue.
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Chemical bond
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Atoms are attracted to eachother because they want to achieve a stable stronger aouter electron shell, the force between the atoms is similar to two magnets, the bond is an electrical attraction, This is known as a chemical bond
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Three Types of chemical Bonds
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Ionic Bonds
Covelent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds |
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Ionic Bonds
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Giving/ Bond that is caused by a transfer of electrons between atoms, a donation Sodium and chlorine to form NaCL = table salt
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Covelent Bonds
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Sharing/ a sharing of electrons by the outer shells of atoms. Covelent bonds are like joining hands, Example Hydrogen and Oxygen H20
Carbon atoms always form covelent bonds are strong and do not break in an an aqueus solution |
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Hydrogen Bonds
(water) |
Third type of chemical bond, differs from ionic and covelent because the hydrogen is not transfrerred or shared by electrons in the outer shells of atoms, it is a weak attraction between water molecules
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Polar molecule
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a molecule that has a lopsided charge
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Ions
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Elements that carry an electrical charge
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Cation
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If an ion carries a positive charge it is called a cation
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Anion
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An ion is negetively charged it is an Anion
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Electrolyte
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"Electro" Lyte / a substance that forms ions when it is disolved in water, they are capable of coonducting an electrical current
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Common Ions/Cations
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Na= Sodium
Ca 2+ calcium Fa 2+ Iron Hydrogen H+ Potassium K= Ammonium NH +4 |
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Common Ions/Anions
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Chloride CL-
Bicarbonate HCO -3 Phospahate PO 3/- 4 |
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Ionization
*only eletrolyte ionize |
Dissacociate
trolyte splits or breaks apart in a solution it dissasociates. Ex NaCL is an electrolyte, in a solid state it appears to have white granules, when dissolved in water it dissasociates. What happens is that when the salt is placed in water, the ionic bonds holding the sodium together weaken, they split and dissacociate |
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms bond and form a molecule
ex: H20 |
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Compound
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A substance that contains molecules that are from two different atoms
EX: H20 |
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Oxygen
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O2 Molecule composed of 2 oxygen atoms exists in nature as gas our air contains 21% it is essential for life
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Carbon Dioxide
it is a waste product |
C02 is a compound that consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
Di means two, "Dioxide" it is a waste product and it must be eliminated from the body. |
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Chemical reaction
most require a catalyst |
Process where the atoms and molecules interact to form new chemical combinations the faster they are is important
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Catalysts
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rates of chemical reactions are important, catalysts speed Speed it up/ the process of a chemical reaction, when a protein performs the role they are called enzymes
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Enzymes
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Proteins With Speed
when a protein performs the role they are called enzymes |
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Acid
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An electrolyte that dissacociates into a Hydrogen ion and an anion, it is disassociated
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Acid balance
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Very important to the normal functioning of the body, must have a balance between acid and bases because chemical reactions in the body can only occur when acids and bases are balanced.
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Strong acid
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Disassociates completely, into H+ and an anion it is found within the stomachvery low number on PH scale
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Weak acid
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Does not disassociate completely but slightly making it weak, vinegar is weak, around 3 on the PH
The more H+ the more acidic |
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Base
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Alkaline, slippery like soap Substances that combine H+ Bitter usually contains OH- which eliminates ions, the addition makes it less acidic
the more OH- means less acidic, more basic |
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PH Scale
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Scale ranging from 0 to 14, measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity
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Pure Blood is
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7.35-7.45 on PH scale, it is slightly basic
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Urine
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is normally acidic with a PH range of 5 to 8
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Acidotic
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Patients blood should be 7.35 -7.45, a slight alkaline, if it appears to be acidic the patients blood is considered acidotic
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Acidosis
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blood is too acidic
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alkalosis
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blood is too basic or alkaline
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Energy / two forms:
Mechanical Vemical |
The ability to perform work, mechanical is expressed movement chemical is stored within chemical bonds, when bonds are broken, chemical energy is released.
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Thermal Energy
Radiant Energy |
Thermal energy is when chemical energy is converted into heat
radiant energy is when the stored chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy (body movement) |
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ATP
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Stored in Phospahate bonds/ it is an energy transfer molecule, when food is broken down, energy is released and connot always be used right away, it is then transfered to ATP a substance that stores it composed of a base, sugar, and three phosphate groups
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ADP
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almost identicle to ATP but has one less phosphate group
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Mixture
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Combinations of two or more substances that can be seperated by ordinary physical means
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Solutions
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A type of mixture where the particles are mixed together and remain evenly distributed / ex: salt water
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Solute
"is the substance that is being dissolved " |
A solute is part of a solution, it is the substance present that has the smallest amount. It is the substance that is being dissolved and can be solid, liquid, or gas
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Solvent
"it does the dissolving " |
The part of a solution that has the greatest amount, opposite of solute, it does the dissolving, usually liquid or gas if water is a solvent then it is considered an aqueous solution
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Aqueous solution
"water is solvent" |
Water is the solvent in a solution
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Tincture
"alcohol is the solvent" |
alcohol is the solvent in the solution
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Solutions always,
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always stay clear and never separateor settle at the bottom
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Suspension
"Mixture" |
Particles are relatively large and tend to settle at the bottom unless the mixture is shaken continuously
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Colloidal Suspension
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Particles don't dissovethey are so small that they remain suspended within the liquid.
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Colloid
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gel like substabnce that resembals egg whites
Blood plasma is a colloidal suspension, because the proteins remain suspended within the plasma. EX: mayonaise |
