Anatomy And Physiology Ch 2

Front 1

Mixture

Back 1

consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

Front 2

Solvency

Back 2

The ability to dissolve other chemicals.
-Virtually all metabolic reactions depend on the solvency of water.
-Solvency of water also makes it the body's primary means of transporting substances from place to place.

Front 3

Adhesion

Back 3

The tendency of one substance to cling to another.

Front 4

Cohesion

Back 4

The tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

Front 5

Chemical Reactivity of Water

Back 5

It's ability to participate in chemical reactions

Front 6

Thermal Stability of Water

Back 6

Helps to stabilize the internal temperataure of the body.

Front 7

Potential Energy

Back 7

Energy that is contained in an object becasue of its position or internal state, but which is not doing work at the same time

Front 8

Kinetic Energy

Back 8

Energy that is in motion, energy that is doing work.

Front 9

Carbohydrate Definition

Back 9

A hydrophilic organic molecule withe the general formula (CH2O)n

Front 10

Carbohydrate roles

Back 10

Good sources of quickly mobilized energy but also play structrual and other roles.

Front 11

Simple Carb-Monosaccharides

Back 11

simple sugars-glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 12

Complex Carbs-Disaccharides

Back 12

sugars composed of two monosaccharides-sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (glucose and galactose), maltose (glucose and glucose)

Front 13

Lipids-Definition

Back 13

Hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Front 14

Lipids

Back 14

More oxidized than Carbs so they have more calories.
Serve as energy storage, as chicals signals, and as structural components of cells

Front 15

Proteins-definition

Back 15

The most versatile molecules in the body.
A polymer of amino acids

Front 16

Proteins and Amino Acids

Back 16

Proteins are composed of both essential and non-essential amino acids

Front 17

Amino Acids-Essential

Back 17

Need to be ontained by our diet because we lack the ability to produce them

Front 18

Proteins-Primary Structure

Back 18

Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 19

Proteins-Secondary Structure

Back 19

Alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding

Front 20

Proteins-Tertiary Structure

Back 20

Folding and coiling due to interactions among R groups and between R groups surroundng water

Front 21

Proteins-Quaternary Structure

Back 21

Association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

Front 22

Proteins-Structure

Back 22

Keratin, a tough structural protein, gives strength to the nails, hair, nad skin surface. Deeper layers of the skin, as well as bones, cartlage, and teeth, contain an abundance of the durable protein collogen.

Front 23

Proteins-Communication

Back 23

Some hormones and other cell-to-cell signals ae proteins, as are the receptors to which the signal molecules bind in teh receiving cell. A hormone or other molecule that reversibly binds to a protein is a called a Ligand

Front 24

Proteins-Membrane Transport

Back 24

Some proteins form channels in cell membranes that govern what passes through the membranes and when others act as carriers that briefly bind to colute particles and transport them to the other side of the membrane. Among their other roles, such proteins turn nerve and muscle activity on and off.

Front 25

Proteins-Catalysis

Back 25

Most metabolic pathways of the body are controlled by enzymes, which are globular proteins that function as catalysts.

Front 26

Proteins-Recognition and Protection

Back 26

Antibodies and other proteins attack and neutralize organisms that invade the body. Clotting proteins protect the body against blood loss.

Front 27

Proteins-Movement

Back 27

Ability to change shape repeatedly make intercellular transport of molecules to the galloping of a racehorse.

Front 28

Proteins-Cell Adhesion

Back 28

Proteins bind cells to each other, which enables sperm to fertilize eggs, enables immune cells to bind to enemy cancer cells, and keeps tissus from falling apart.

Front 29

Enzymes

Back 29

Proteins that function as biological catalysts. They permit biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperatures.

Front 30

Enzyme-Substrate complex

Back 30

the fit between a particular enzyme and its substance is often compared to a lock and key.

Front 31

ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 31

The body's most importnat energy-transfer molecule. Briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reations such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reations, muscle contractions, and pumping ions through cell membranes