Anatomy And Physiology Ch 11

Front 1

Protects a person by detecting changes in the environment

Back 1

Sensory system

Front 2

An environment change becomes what when it initiates a nerve impulse?

Back 2

Stimulus

Front 3

A stimulus becomes what only when a specialized area of the cerebral cortex interprets the nerve impulse it generates?

Back 3

Sensation

Front 4

The part of the nervous system that detects a stimulus

Back 4

Sensory receptor

Front 5

Sensory receptor structures

Back 5

Free dendrite (pain receptors)
End-organ on the dendrite of an afferent neuron (touch and temp)
Specialized cell associated with an afferent neuron (rods and cones)

Front 6

Receptor classifications

Back 6

Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors

Front 7

Receptor, such as those for taste and smell, that detects chemicals in solution

Back 7

Chemoreceptor

Front 8

Receptor located in the retina of the eye that responds to light

Back 8

Photoreceptor

Front 9

Receptor that detects changes in temperature

Back 9

Thermoreceptor

Front 10

Receptors that respond to movement, such as stretch, pressure, or vibration

Back 10

Mechanoreceptors

Front 11

Sense that is localized in a special sense organ

Back 11

Special sense

Front 12

Stimulus that a receptor must recieve in order to respond and generate a nerve impulse

Back 12

Threshhold stimulus

Front 13

Sense that is widely distributed throughout the body

Back 13

General sense

Front 14

Special senses

Back 14

Vision (eye)
Hearing (internal ear)
Equilibrium (internal ear)
Taste (tongue)
Smell (nasal cavities)

Front 15

General senses

Back 15

Pressure
Pain
Temperature
Touch

Front 16

muscle attached to the upper eyelid

Back 16

Levator palpebrae

Front 17

Condition in which the muscle becomes weaker causing the eyelid to droop and interfere with vision

Back 17

Ptosis

Front 18

Thin membrane that lines the inner surfce of the euelids and covers the coible protion of the white of the eye(scelra)

Back 18

Conjunctiva

Front 19

Gland that produces tears

Back 19

Lacrimal gland

Front 20

Ducts near the nasal corner of the eye

Back 20

Nasolacrimal ducts

Front 21

Coats, or tunics, of the eyeball

Back 21

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

Front 22

The outermost tunic, made of tough connective tissue; white of the eye; contains no blood vessels

Back 22

Sclera

Front 23

The second (middle) tunic composed of a delicate network of connective tissue interlaced with many blood vessels

Back 23

Choroid

Front 24

The innermost tunic is the actual receptor layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

Back 24

Retina

Front 25

Generate nerve impulses associated with vision

Back 25

Rods and Cones

Front 26

The bending of light rays as they pass from one substance to another substance of different density

Back 26

Refraction

Front 27

An anterior continuation of the sclera; transparent and colorless

Back 27

Cornea

Front 28

The eye's transparent refracting parts (exterior to interior)

Back 28

Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous body

Front 29

Watery fluid that fills much of the eyeball anterior to the lens, helps maintain the slight forward curve of the cornea

Back 29

Aqueous humor

Front 30

A clear, circular structure made of a firm, elastic material; has two bulging surfaces and is described as biconvex

Back 30

Lens (crystalline lens)

Front 31

A soft jellylike substance that fills the entire space posterior to the lens; important in maintaining the shape of the eyeball as well as in aiding in refraction

Back 31

Vitreous body

Front 32

Cylindrical shape
About 120 million in each retina
Distributed toward the periphery (anterior) of the retina
Stimulated by dim light
Low visual acuity (sharpness)
Rhodopsin (visual purple)
No color perception

Back 32

Rods

Front 33

Flask shaped
About 6 million in each retina
Distribution concentrated at the center of the retina
Stimulated by bright light
High visual acuity (sharpness)
Pigments sensitive to red, green, or blue
Responds to color

Back 33

Cones

Front 34

Tiny depressed area near the optic nerve

Back 34

Fovea Centralis

Front 35

Difficulty seeing in dim light because there is too little light to activate the rods

Back 35

Night blindness

Front 36

Voluntary muscles attached to the eyeball's outer surface

Back 36

Extrinsic muscles

Front 37

Involuntary muscles located within the eyeball

Back 37

Intrinsic muslces

Front 38

The colored or pigmented part of the eye; composed of two sets of muscle fibers that govern the size of the central opening

Back 38

Iris

Front 39

The iris's central opening

Back 39

Pupil

Front 40

Muscle shaped somewhat like a flattened ring with a central hole that size of the outer edge of the iris

Back 40

Ciliary muscle

Front 41

Filaments that the ciliary muscle hold the lens in place with

Back 41

Suspensory ligaments

Front 42

Carries visual impulses from the retinal rods and cones to the brain

Back 42

Optic nerve

Front 43

Carries impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the eye and surrounding parts to the brain

Back 43

Opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

Front 44

Blind spot; there are no cones or rods in the area of the optic nerve so no image can form on the retina at this point

Back 44

Optic disk

Front 45

largest nerve; supplies the voluntary and involuntaru motor impulses to all but two eye muscles

Back 45

Oculomotor nerve

Front 46

supplies the superior oblique extrinsic eye muscle

Back 46

Trochlear nerve

Front 47

supplies the lateral rectus extrinsic eye muscle

Back 47

Abducens nerve

Front 48

Steps in Vision

Back 48

Light refracts
The muscles of the iris adjust the pupil
The ciliary muscle adjusts the lens
The extrinsic eye muscles produce convergence
Light stimulates retinal receptor cells (rods and cones)
The optic nerve transmits impulses to the brain
The occipital lobe cortex interprets the impulses

Front 49

Farsightedness

Back 49

Hyperopia

Front 50

Results from an abnormally short eyeball; light rays can not bend sharply enough to focus on the retina

Back 50

Hyperopia

Front 51

Nearsightedness

Back 51

Myopia

Front 52

Results from the eyeball being too long or the cornea bends the light rays too sharply

Back 52

Myopia

Front 53

Visual defect caused by irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or the lens

Back 53

Astigmatism

Front 54

A deviation of the eye that results from lack of coordination of the eyeball muscles

Back 54

Strabismus

Front 55

Type of strabismus in which the eye deviates toward the nasal side, or medially

Back 55

Convergent strabismus

Front 56

Type of strabismus in which the affected eye deviates laterally; gives the cross-eyed appearance

Back 56

Divergent strabismus

Front 57

Loss of vision in a healthy eye because it can not work properly with the other eye

Back 57

Amblyopia

Front 58

Inflammation of the conjunctiva which may be acute or chronic and may be caused by a variety of irritants and pathogens

Back 58

Conjuntivitis

Front 59

A highly contagious acute conjuntivitis that is usually caused by cocci or bacilli

Back 59

Pink eye

Front 60

An acute eye infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis

Back 60

Inclusion conjuntivitis

Front 61

chronic form of inclusion conjunctivitis

Back 61

Trachoma

Front 62

An acute infection of the eye of the newborn, caused by organisms acquired during passage through the birth canal

Back 62

Opthalmia neonatorm

Front 63

The most common eye injury

Back 63

Laceration or scratch of the cornea caused by a foreign body

Front 64

An operation to remove the eyeball

Back 64

Enucleation

Front 65

Opacity of the lens or the outer covering of the lens

Back 65

Cataract

Front 66

A condition characterized by excess pressure of the aqueous humor

Back 66

Glaucoma

Front 67

Disorder in which the retina is damagedby blood vessel hemorrhages and growth of new vessels

Back 67

Diabetic retinopathy

Front 68

Disorder in which the retina separates from the underlying layer of the eye as a result of trauma or an accumulation of fluid or tissue between the layers

Back 68

Retinal detachment

Front 69

The yellow area of the retina that contains the fovea centralis

Back 69

Macula lutea

Front 70

Three main sections of the ear

Back 70

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

Front 71

Section of the ear that includes an outer projection and a canal ending at a membrane

Back 71

Outer ear

Front 72

The section of the ear that is an air space containing three small bones

Back 72

Middle ear

Front 73

The section of the ear that is the most complex and contains the sensory receptors for hearing and equalibrium

Back 73

Inner ear

Front 74

Visible projecting portion of the outer ear

Back 74

Pinna (auricle)

Front 75

Portion of the outer ear that conects to the pinna and leads into the deeper parts of the ear

Back 75

External auditory canal (meatus)

Front 76

Wax producing glands contained in the meatus

Back 76

Ceruminous glands

Front 77

Boundry between the meatus and the middle ear; vobrates freely as sound waves enter the ear

Back 77

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Front 78

Three small bones (ossicles) contained within the middle ear

Back 78

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Front 79

The first ossicle (bone) shaped like a hammer and attached to the tympanic membrane

Back 79

Malleus

Front 80

The second ossicle (bone) shaped like an anvil and connected to both the Malleus and the Stapes

Back 80

Incus

Front 81

The third ossicle (bone) shaped like the stirrup of a saddle and in contact with the inner ear

Back 81

Stapes

Front 82

Connects the middle ear cavity with the throat (pharynx)

Back 82

Eustachian tube

Front 83

Allows pressure to equalize on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Back 83

Eustachian tube

Front 84

Described as a labyrinth because it has a complex mazelike construction

Back 84

Inner ear

Front 85

Skeleton of the inner ear

Back 85

Bony labyrinth

Front 86

Three divisions of the bony labyrinth

Back 86

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

Front 87

Consists of two bony chambers that contain som of the receptors for equalibrium

Back 87

Vestibule

Front 88

Three projecting bony tubes located toward the posterior; bases also contain receptors for equalibrium

Back 88

Semicircular canals

Front 89

Coiled like a snail shell and is located toward the anterior; contains receptors for hearing

Back 89

Cochlea

Front 90

Fluid contained in the bony labyrinth

Back 90

Perilymph

Front 91

Exact replica of bony shell contained within the bony labyrinth

Back 91

Membraneous labyrinth

Front 92

Fluid contained in the membraneuos labyrinth

Back 92

Endolymph

Front 93

Organ of hearing; consists of ciliated receptor cells located inside the membraneous cochlea

Back 93

Organ of Carti

Front 94

The steps in hearing

Back 94

Sound waves enter the external auditory canal
The tympanic membrane vibrates
The ossicles transmit vibrations across the middle ear cavity
The stapes transmits the vibrations to the inner ear fluid
Vibrations move cilia on hair cells of the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct
Movement against the tectorial membrane generates nerve impulses
Impulses travel to the brain in the cochlear nerve
The temporal lobe cortex interprets the impulses

Front 95

Small crystals of calcium carbonate contained in the fluid above the ciliated cells which add drag to the fluid around the receptor cells and increase the effect of gravity's pull

Back 95

Otoliths

Front 96

Equalibrium that resuslts from movement of the body in a straight line.

Back 96

Static equalibrium

Front 97

Equalibrium that results from the body spinning or moving in different directions

Back 97

Dynamic equalibrium

Front 98

Receptors for static equalibrium; located in the two small chambers of the vestibule

Back 98

Macula

Front 99

Receptors for dynamic equalibrium; located at the base of the semicircular canals

Back 99

Cristae

Front 100

Formed from nerve fibers from the vestibule and the semicircular canals

Back 100

Vestibular nerve

Front 101

Infection and inflammation of the middle ear; fairly common; caused by a variety of bacteria and viruses

Back 101

Otitis media

Front 102

Procedure that cuts the tympanic membrane to releave pressure

Back 102

Myringotomy

Front 103

Inflammation of the external auditory canal; caused by fungus or bacterium

Back 103

Otitis externa (swimmer's ear)

Front 104

Hearing disorder resulting from interference with the passage of sound waves from the outside to the inner ear

Back 104

Conductive hearing loss

Front 105

Hereditary bone disorder that prevents normal vibration of the stapes

Back 105

Otosclerosis

Front 106

Hearing disorder involving the cochlea,the vestibulocochlear nerve, or the brain areas concerned with hearing; may result from prolonged exposure to loud noises

Back 106

Sensorineural hearing loss

Front 107

Slowly progressive hearing loss that often accompanies aging

Back 107

Presbycusis

Front 108

Sense of taste

Back 108

Gustation

Front 109

Taste receptors ocated along the edges of small, depressed areas

Back 109

Taste buds

Front 110

tastes that are most acutely experienced at the tip of the tongue

Back 110

Sweet

Front 111

tastes that are experienced most acutely at the anterior sides of the tongue

Back 111

Salty

Front 112

Tastes that are experienced most acutely by taste buds located laterally on the tongue

Back 112

Sour

Front 113

Tastes that are experienced most acutely at the posterior part of the tongue

Back 113

Bitter

Front 114

sense of smell

Back 114

Olfaction

Front 115

The touch receptors found mostly in the dermis of the skin and around hair folicles

Back 115

tactile corpuscles

Front 116

Temperature receptors

Back 116

free nerve endings