Anatomy And Physiology By Kenneth S. Saladin 4Th Edition - Chapter 02 - Bscc2093

Front 1

Denaturation

Back 1

A change in the three-dimensional conformatino of a protein that destroys its enzymatic or other functional properties, usually caused by extremities of temperature or pH.

Front 2

Polymer

Back 2

A molecule that consists of a long chain of identical or similar subunits, such as protein, DNA or starch.

Front 3

Lactic Acid

Back 3

A small organic acid produced as an end product of the anaerobic fermentatino of pyrufic acid; a contributing factor in muscle fatigue.

Front 4

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 4

A molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups that functions as a universal energy-transfer molecule.

Front 5

Glycolysis

Back 5

A series of anaerobic oxidation reactions that break a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid and produce a small amount of ATP.

Front 6

Hydrolysis

Back 6

A chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an -OH group to one side of the bond and -H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule. Compare to dehydration synthesis.

Front 7

Fatty Acid

Back 7

An organic molecule composed of a chain of an even number of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other; one of the structural subunits of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Front 8

Hydrophobic

Back 8

Pertaining to molecules that do not attract water or dissolve in it because of their nonpolar nature; such molecules tend to dissolve in lipids and other nonpolar solvents.

Front 9

Carboxyl Group

Back 9

An organic functional group with the formula -COOH, found in many organic acids such as amino acids and fatty acids.

Front 10

Enzyme

Back 10

A protein that functions as a catalyst.

Front 11

Catalyst

Back 11

Any chemical that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus makes the reaction proceed more rapidly; a role served in cells by enzymes.

Front 12

Glycolipid

Back 12

A phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it, found in the plasma membranes of cells.

Front 13

Metabolism

Back 13

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Front 14

Monosaccharide

Back 14

A simple sugar or sugar monomer; chiefly glucose, fructose and galactose

Front 15

Organic

Back 15

Pertaining to compounds of carbon.

Front 16

Glycogen

Back 16

A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide.

Front 17

Glycoprotein

Back 17

A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it; found in mucus and the glycocalyx of cells, for example.

Front 18

Peptide Bond

Back 18

A group of four covalently bonded atoms taht links two amino acids in a peptide.

Front 19

Polypeptide

Back 19

Any chain of more than 10 or 15 amino acids.

Front 20

Moiety

Back 20

A chemically distinct subunit of a macromolecule, such as the heme and globin moieties of hemoglobin or the lipid and carbohydrate moieties of a glycolipid.

Front 21

Polysaccharide

Back 21

A polymer of simple sugars; for example, glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Front 22

steroid

Back 22

A lipid molecule that consists of four interconnected carbon rings; cholesterol and several of its derivatives.

Front 23

substrate

Back 23

A chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme.

Front 24

Peptide

Back 24

Any chain of two or more amino acids.

Front 25

Cofactor

Back 25

A metal ion that binds to an enzyme and activates its catalytic function.

Front 26

Cholesterol

Back 26

A steroid that functions as part of the plasma membrane and as a precursor for all other steroids in the body.

Front 27

Active Site

Back 27

The region of a protein that binds to a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor.

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Macromolecule

Back 28

Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, or triglyceride.

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Metabolite

Back 29

Any chemical produced by metabolism.

Front 30

Substrate specificity

Back 30

The ability of an enzyme to bind only one substrate or a limited range of related substrates.

Front 31

Metabolic pathway

Back 31

A series of linked chemical reactions, most of which are catalyzed by a separate enzyme; glycolysis, for example.

Front 32

Surfactant

Back 32

A chemical that reduces the surface tension of water and enables it to penetrage orher substances more effectively. Examples include pulmonary surfactant and bile salts.

Front 33

Triglyceride

Back 33

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol; also called a triaclglycerol or neutral fat.

Front 34

Conjugated

Back 34

A state in which one organic compound is bound to another compound of a different class, such as a protein conjugated with a carbohydrate to form a glycoprotein.

Front 35

Conformation

Back 35

The three-dimensional structure of a protein that results from interaction amont its amino acid side groups, its interactions with water, and the formation of disulfide bonds.

Front 36

Amino Acids

Back 36

Small organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group; the monomers of which proteins are comprised.

Front 37

Adipose Tissue

Back 37

A connective tissue composed predominantly of adipocytes; fat.

Front 38

Aerobic Exercise

Back 38

Exercise in which oxygen is used to produce ATP; endurance exercise.

Front 39

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 39

A reaction in which two chemical monomers are joined together with water produced as a by-product; also called a condensation reaction. Compare to hydrolysis.

Front 40

Glycocalyx

Back 40

A layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipid and protein molecules of a plasma membrane; forms a surface coat on all human cells.

Front 41

Hydrophilic

Back 41

Pertaining to molecules that attract water or dissolve in it because of their polar nature.

Front 42

Functional Group

Back 42

A group of atoms, such as a carboxyl or amino group, tht determines the functional characteristics of an organic molecule.

Front 43

Glycerol

Back 43

A viscous three-carbon alcohol that forms the structural backbone of triglyceride and phospholipid molecules; also called glycerin.

Front 44

Enzyme Amplification

Back 44

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of product molecules at the next step, resulting in a rapidly increasing amount of reaction product. Seen in hormone actin and blood clotting for example.

Front 45

Maltose

Back 45

A disaccharide composed of two glucose monomers.

Front 46

Cohesion

Back 46

The clinging of identical molecules such as water to each other.

Front 47

Insulin

Back 47

A hormone produced by B cells of the pancreatic islets in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration; accelerates the glucose uptake and metabolism by most cells of the body, thus lowering the blood glucose concentration.

Front 48

Monomer

Back 48

One of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule in the dimer to polymer range; for example, the glucose monomers of starch, the amino acids of a protein, or the nucleotides of DNA.

Front 49

Lipase

Back 49

An enzyme that hydrolyzes a triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol.

Front 50

Neutral Fat

Back 50

A triglyceride.

Front 51

Disaccharide

Back 51

A carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars joined by a glycosidic bond; for example, lactose, sucrose, and maltose.