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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton and what commprises it?
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126 bones of the appendages, pectiral and pelvic girdles (which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton)
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What is the basic "plan" of how the limbs are made up?
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Limbs are composed of three major segments connected by freely moveable joints.
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What helps determine whether a limb's bone is the right or left member of its pair?
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The Bone Markings help in this determination.
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What is another name for the Pectoral Girdle?
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Shoulder Girdle
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What bones are contained in the Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle?
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Clavicle and Scapula
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Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Define Clavicle. How does it curve? |
The collarbone, a slender, doubly curved bone. Convex forward medially and concave forward laterally.
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What does the medial end of the clavicle connect to?
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It connects to the sternal manubrium (top part of the sternum).
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What does the lateral end of the Clavicle articulate with and what is its shape?
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It is flattened where it articulates with the acromion of the scapula to form part of the shoulder (acromioclavicular joint).
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What is the structural purpose of the clavicle?
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It serves as a brace or strut to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax.
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What shape are the scapulae and what are they?
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The shoulderblades, are triangular/spatula shaped.
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What are the two important processes of the shoulder blade?
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Acromion (enlarged end of the spine of the scapula) and the beaklike Coracoid proess. (corac = crow/raven). Acromion connects with clavicle, coracoid points anteriorly over the tip of the shoulder joint and anchors some upper limb muscles.
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Is the scapula directly attached to the axial skeleton?
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No, it is loosely held in place by trunk muscles.
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How many angles does the scapula have? What bone markings are present?
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3 (because it's a triangle), the superior, inferior, and lateral. A number of fossa, named for their locations. Also, the glenoid cavity (shallow socket that receives head of arm bone or humerus) is located in the lateral angle.
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What does the head of the arm bone fit into?
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A typical long bone, proximally the head of the humerus fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapulae.
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What are the two prominences of the arm bone and what are they separated by?
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The greater and lesser tubercules (from lateral to medial aspect) separated by the groove (intertubercular Sulcus) that guides tendon of biceps to its point of attachment on superior rim of glenoid cavity.
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Technically, what comprises the Arm?
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The UPPER arm or brachial area is the arm. What we think of as the bottom of the arm is antebrachial (forearm).
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What is the deltoid tuberosity?
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Midshaft of the Humerus, where the large fleshy shoulder muscle, the deltoid, attaches.
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Describe the distal end of the humerus.
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Spool-like medial trochlea articulate with the ulna. Lateral capitulum articulate with radius of forearm. These condyles are flanked medially and laterally by the epicondyles.
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Name the fossa on the distal end of the humerus. Where are they located and what is their purpose?
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Coronid fossa (depression) above the troclea; Olecranon fossa on the posterior surface. They allow the corresponding processes of the ulna to move freely when elbow is flexed and extended.
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What two bones form the skeleton of the forearm?
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Radius and Ulna
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In the anatomical position, where are the radius and the ulna?
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These are bones of the forearm. In supination, he radius is in the lateral position (thumb "radiates" from it) and the ulna is medial to it.
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What are the parallel bones of the forearm, the radius and ulna, joined along their length by?
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The interosseus membrane is the membrane that joines these bones along their length.
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Proximally, what does the disc-shaped head of the radius articulate with?
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The capitulum of the humerus.
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What can be found medially, just below the head of the radius? What attaches there?
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The radial tuberosity, where the tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm attaches.
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What process can be found at the lateral aspect of the distal end of the radius?
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The expanded styloid process of the radius is in this location.
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What is the medial bone of the forearm (if, of course, in anatomical position)?
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The ulna.
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What is at the anterior and posterior proximal ends of the Ulna? What separates these?
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The proximal end of the ulna bears the anterior coronoid process and the posterior olecranon process. The trochlear notch separates them.
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What do the processes at the proximal end of the ulna grip? What can the joint be likened to?
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It's a pliers-like joint that grips the trochlea of the humerus.
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What medial process characterizes the slimmer, distal end of the ulna (the ulnar head), and what does it do?
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The styloid process, which anchors some of the ligaments of the wrist.
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What three groups of bones comprise the hand?
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The carpals (wrist bones); metacarpals ("beyond the wrist bones" = bones of the palm); and the phalanges (bones of the fingers).
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What is the carpus?
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It's the wrist, the proximal portion of the hand. A wristwatch is worn over this part.
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How many bones are in the carpus, how are they arranged, and how are they bound together?
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Eight bones, arranged in two irregular rows of four bones. They are bound together by ligaments.
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What are the names of the carpal bones (listed counterclockwise starting from under the thumg)?
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Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate, Pisiform, Triquetral, Lunate, Scaphoid.
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What are the metacarpals and how are the metacarpals numbered?
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They are the hand bones that are beyond the wrist, radiating out like spokes to form the palm of the hand. They are numbered from 1 to 5 starting at the thumb side).
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What do the bases of the metacarpals articulate with? The heads?
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Teh bases articulate with the carpals of the wrist. Their heads, with the the phalanges of the fingers (distally).
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How are the fingers numbered?
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Like the bones of the palm, they are numbered from 1-5 starting with the thumb.
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What are the phalanges and how many are there in each hand? How many in each finger?
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They are the miniature long bones that make up the fingers of the hand. There are 14 in each hand. Three in each finger (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb (which has only two, proximal and distal).
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What are the metacarpophalangeal joints?
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The knuckles--the first set of flexed-joint protrusions beyond the wrist
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What two bones form the Pelvic (Hip) Girdle? Give two names for these bones.
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Coxal (coxa = hip) bones. Also called the Ossa Coxae.
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What bones comprise the bony pelvis?
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The two coxal bones, the cacrum, and the coccyx.
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What are the bones we sit on called?
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Ischial tuberosities
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Compare the general structure and functional modifications of the male and female pelvis.
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Female = tilted forward, adapted for childbearing, true pelvis defines birth canal, cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, greater capacity. Male = tilted less forward, adapted for suport of heavier build and stronger muscles. Capacity of true pelvis narrow/deep.
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Compare the bone thickness of the female and male pelvis.
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Felame = less bone thickness, lighter/thinner, smoother. Male, greater bone thickness, bones heavier/thicker, markings more prominent.
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Compare the female and male sacrum.
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Female = wider, shorter, sacral curvature is accentuated. Male = narrow, longer, sacral promontory more ventral.
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Compare the female and male coccyx.
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Female = more moveable, straighter. Male = less moveable, curves ventrally.
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Compare the female and male pelvic inlet (brim).
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Female = wider, oval from side to side. Male = narrow, basically heart shaped.
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Compare the female and male pelvic outlet.
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Female = wider, ischial tuberosities shorter, farther apart, everted. Male = Narrower, ischial tuberosities longer, sharper, point more medially.
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Compare the female and male pubic angle/arch.
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Female = broader (80-90 degree), more rounded. Male = more acute (50-60 degree)
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Define acetabula and compare the female and male acetabula.
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The socket in the hipbone that receves the head of the thighbone. Female = smaller, farther apart. Male = larger, closer.
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How do the bones of the pelvic girdle differ from those of the shoulder girdle?
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They are heavy and massive, and they attach securely to the axial skeleton. Sockets for heads of femurs are deep and heavily reinforced with ligaments ensuring stable, strong limb attachment. Ability to bear weight more important than mobility/flexibility.
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What is an ilium?
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A large, flaring bone which forms most of the coxal bone. It connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
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What is the joint that posteriorly connects the ilium with the sacrum?
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Sacroiliac Joint.
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What is the superior margin of the iliac bone called, where does it terminate, and what are the termination points called?
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The iliac crest, which terminates anteriorly in the anterior super iliac spine and posteriorly in the posterior superior iliac spine.
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Where are the posterior and anterior inferior iliac spines located?
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Underneath the anterior and posterior superior iliac spines.
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What is an ischium? What are the bony processes of the ischia called?
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The "sit down bones" which form the inferior portion of the coxal bone. The rough ischial tuberosities receive the weight of the body when sitting.
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Where is the ischial spine located?
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These spiny bone processes are superior to the ischial tuberosities, and are an important landmark of the pelvic cavity.
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What does the greater siatic notch allow for and where is it located?
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It allows for the huge sciatic nerve to pass to and from the thigh. There's one on each side. The location is inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine (up and under) and superior to the ischial body.
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What is the most anterior part of the coxal bone?
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The pubis.
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What is the name of the hole enclosed by the bar of bone that is formed by the fusion of the rami of the pubic bone anteriorly and the ischium posteriorly? What does this hole allow for?
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The obturator foramen, through which blood vessels and nerves run from the pelvic cavity into the thigh.
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What is the name of the joint where the two pubic bones meet?
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Pubic symphysis.
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What is the name of the socket where the ilium, ischium, and pubis meet? What does the name literally mean?
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Acetabulum, meaning "vinegar cup".
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What bone does this acetabulum receive?
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It receives the head of the thigh bone.
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When you put your hands on your hips, what bones are your hands resting on?
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Iliac crest.
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What bony proceses might be anteriorly visible over the tops of low rider jeans on a slim person?
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The anterior superior iliac spines.
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What bony processes might be visible as dimples on the low back?
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The posterior superior iliac spines.
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What is a "false pelvis"? What does it support? Does it restrict childbirth in any way?
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The superior portion of the pelvis, bounded by the ilia laterally and the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. It supports the abdominal viscera but does not restrict childbirth in any way.
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What is a "true pelvis"? What is its posterior boundary? What bones define its limits?
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The inferior region of the pelvis that is almost entirely surrounded by bone Its posterior boundary is the sacrum. The ilia, ischia, and pubic bones define its limits laterally and anteriorly.
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What pelvic dimensions need to be carefully measured by an obstetrician to ensure uncomplicated delivery of a baby?
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The pelvic inlet and outlet.
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What is the pelvic inlet and where is it widest? What's another name for it?
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Pelvic brim is the superiormost martin of the true pelvis and is widest from left to right, along the frontal plane.
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What is the pelvic outlet and what are its anterior boundaries? Where can its largest dimension be found?
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The inferior margin of the troue pelvis, bounded anteriorly by the pubic bones, laterally by the ischia, and posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx. Largest is the anterior posterior diameter.
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What bones might come into play in the case of a dramatically narrowed pelvic outlet?
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The coccyx and ischial spines protrude into the the pelvic outlet opening, so if the coccyx is sharply angled or the ischial spines are sharp, it can narrow the outlet substantially.
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What is the only bone of the thigh?
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Femur
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What is the "head" of the femur carried on?
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A short, constricted neck, which angles laterally to join the shaft.
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What is the weakest part of the femur?
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The neck.
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What bony features can be found at the junction of the shaft and neck?
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The greater and lesser trochanters.
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What separates the greater and lesser trochanters?
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They are separated posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest as well as the gluteal tuberosity located on the shaft. These are sites of muscle attachment.
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What condyles does the femur terminate in? What bone do these condyles articulate with? What's the deep grove (posteriorly) between them?
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Lateral and Medial condyles, which articulate with the tibia, below. The deep groove between the condyles posteriorly is the intercondylar fossa.
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What is on the distal end of the femur's anterior surface?
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The patellar surface, which forms a joint with the patella (kneecap)
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What's the larger and more medial bone of the shin?
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Tibia, or shinbone.
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What forms the skeleton of the leg?
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Tibia and fibula
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At the proximal end of the tibia, these condyles receive the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint.
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Medial and lateral condyles.
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Name the eminence that separates medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.
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They are separated by the intercondylar eminence.
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What's the tibial tuberosity and what attaches there?
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A roughened protrusion on the anterior tibial surface, it is the attachment site of the patellar ligament.
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Name the process where the tibia articulates, distally, with the talus bone of the foot. What bulge does it form?
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Medial Malleolus, forms the inner (medial) bulge of the ankle.
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What is the anterior border of the tibia like?
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It's a sharpened ridge relatively unprotected by muscles, and it can easily be felt beneath the skin.
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Does the fibula take part in forming the knee joint?
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No, it's not part of the knee joint.
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What does the proximal head of the fibula articulate with? Where does it terminate distally and what bulge does it form there?
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Proximally, it articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia. It terminates distally in the lateral malleolus, which forms the lateral bulge of the ankle.
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How many bones are in the foot?
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7 tarsal bones (forming the ankle), 5 metatarsals (forming the sole) and 14 phalanges (forming the toes).
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What are the names of the two largest tarsals upon which most of the body's weight is concentrated?
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Calcaneus (heel bone) and the talus (between the tibia and the calcaneus).
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