Anatomy And Physiology Brain And Spine 302 Midterm One

Front 1

What do Polio and ALS/ Lou Gehrigs Disease cause?

Back 1

Destruction of Motor Neurons and skeletal muscle atrophy

Front 2

In Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrigs Disease)astrocytes do not produce an enzyme allowing the process of _______. This causes levels to rise which bind to channels which allow processing of Calcium. Too much Ca destroys the gradient for neurons.

Back 2

Glutamate

Front 3

In the case of CVA, brain damage is not immediately assessible. We do know, however, that cell death begins within ______ minutes.

Back 3

Four

Front 4

With a CVA, lysosomes go to work destructing cells and releasing _______, excess ________finds new receptors and kills other neurons with die releasing more _______.

Back 4

Glutamate

Front 5

Chicken Pox (Varicella-zoster) remains for life in the _____________.

Back 5

Dorsal Root Ganglia

Front 6

Shingles happen later in life under stressed or suppressed immune system; the virus travels down ___________ and comes up painful, itchy or red spots along nerve patters.

Back 6

Sensory Receptors

Front 7

First cranial nerve

Back 7

Olfactory I

Front 8

Second Cranial Nerve

Back 8

Optic Nerve II

Front 9

Occulomotor III controls 4 of 6 eye muscles. If this nerve is injured which way(s) can the eye not look?

Back 9

Eyes would not look Up, Down, Medial AND up/medial. Damage also causes drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision and difficulty focusing

Front 10

What muscle does Trochlear Nerve IV control? In injured what movements are impaired?

Back 10

The Trochlear Nerve IV controls the Superior Oblique muscle of the eye. If injured, one eye would float up and medial; person would appear cross-eyed.

Front 11

Is cranial nerve III

A- somatic motor
B- visceral motor
C- both

Back 11

C- both somatic and viceral motor

Front 12

If a patient complains of difficulty chewing, and biting cheek, which cranial nerve is likely injured?

Back 12

Trigeminal Nerve V

Front 13

The Abducens nerve VI innervates the lateral rectus muscle (1 of 6 eye muscles). Which way will the eye NOT rotate when tested if this nerve is injured.

Back 13

Eye cannot rotate laterally.

Front 14

Which cranial nerve affects equilibrium and may cause nystagmus(eyes shift and can't focus) if injured?

Back 14

Vestibulocochlear Nerve VII

Front 15

Where does cranial nerve VII originate?

Back 15

Vestibulocochlear VII originates in the Pons and the Medulla

Front 16

Which nerve controls over 90% of parasympathetic output?

Back 16

Vagus Nerve X

Front 17

What does Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX control?

Back 17

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX controls the tongue and muscles of the pharynx; this includes the voluntary portion of swallowing, carotid salivary glands(watery), and posterior 1/3 of tongue tasting bitter and sour.

Front 18

If you have difficulty tasting bitter and sour, which nerve have you likely damaged?

Back 18

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

Front 19

Which cranial nerve is redundant with both nerves innervating the same effectors in the same areas?

Back 19

Vagus Nerve X

Front 20

Which nerve arrises from both a spinal and brain component.

Back 20

Accessory Nerve XI

Front 21

How does the MD test Nerve XI

Back 21

Accessory Nerve XI can be tested in the spinal component which innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. MD has you shrug your shoulders. The Spinal portion controls soft pallate and cannot be checked. These people may complain of food up the nose.

Front 22

Which Cranial Nerve innervates the musculature under the tongue?

Back 22

Hypoglossal Nerve XII controls musculature under tongue, meaning touch and pressure receptors NOT taste.

Front 23

HOw does a doctor check Hypoglossal Nerve XII

Back 23

MD asks pt to stick out tongue. If tongue drifts, the side it drifts toward is injured side.

Front 24

What cells create CSF, where are they located?

Back 24

Ependymal cells
in the choroid plexus filter blood plasma (CSF has slightly different content containing more Na+ and Cl- but less K+ and Ca+ than plasms)

Front 25

True or False:
CSF transports waste and nutrients from the brain

Back 25

CSF transports very little waste and nutrients (20 mL per hour compared to the circulatory system 5 liters a minute)

Front 26

Where is the blood-brain barrier compromised?

Back 26

In the CVO (circumventricular Organ) the hypothalamus has receptors to monitor blood through holes in the CVO.

Front 27

True or False:
Alcohol, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nicotine and Anesthetics can cross the blood-Brain barrier.

Back 27

True

Front 28

For basic life support which portion of the brain is needed to merely keep the body alive.

Back 28

The medulla oblongata

Front 29

What allows communication between the parts of the brain and the medulla?

Back 29

The Pons (meaning bridge) allows the medulla to communicate with the remainder of the brain

Front 30

What is the cerebellum?

Back 30

The "little brain" sticking off of the big brain whose function is balance and coordination of gross motor movement

Front 31

What does the CSF provide for the brain?

Back 31

Bouyancy, optimal ionic environment, and it acts as a shock absorber

Front 32

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

Back 32

Through the arachnoid villi where grape-like clusters of arachnoid penetrate the dural sinus at 20mL/hr

Front 33

Which 4 nerves originate in the medulla?

Back 33

IX,X,XI and XII

Front 34

If a patient came to the doctor complaining of "ringing in the ears" they may have tinnitus and damage to which cranial nerve?

Back 34

The vestibularcochlear nerve contains the auditory branch, damage to hair cells may cause ringing in the ears.

Front 35

What is the structure of the Pons?

Back 35

Ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts are white fiber tracts which obtain info in and out. It also functions as the turnoff point for info spine-cerebellum, brain- cerebellum and cerebellum out.

Front 36

Which four cranial nerves are associated with the Pons?

Back 36

V,VI,VII, and VIII- the nuclei concerned w/ sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expressions and sensations, swallowing, bladder sontrol and posture.

Front 37

Where are the pneuotaxic and apneuristic areas that control/regulate breathing found?

Back 37

The Pons

Front 38

What structure contains the corpora quadragemina, cerebral aquaduct and cerebral peduncle?

Back 38

The Midbrain

Front 39

Melatonin, the precurser to dopamine is found in the gray matter of what component of the Midbrain?

Back 39

The Substantia Niagra

Front 40

Damage and low levels of melatonin will cause what disorder?

Back 40

parkinsons

Front 41

what controls gross motor movements in the midbrain?

Back 41

The red nucleus and reticular formation

Front 42

what, in the midbrain, is responsible for the tracking of moving objects?

Back 42

Superior Colliculus

Front 43

what,in the midbrain, is responsible for coordinating motor activity to look toward sound

Back 43

Inferior Colliculus

Front 44

Where is the reticular formation found?

Back 44

The reticular formation is clusters of gray matter scattered throughout pons, midbrain and medulla

Front 45

Which formation in the brain has connections with wider areas of the brain that any other?

Back 45

Reticular formation

Front 46

What plays a roll in spinal gating as an analgesic?

Back 46

The motor arm of reticular formation prevents the synapse at the nerve by sending IPSP to stop uptake of pain receptors.

Front 47

This sleep center is found in the reticular formation.

Back 47

The reticular activating system

Front 48

True or False: The reticular activating system is responsible for maintaining consciousness keeping you awake, AND initiating sleep

Back 48

True

Front 49

What alerts the cerebral cortex to sounds of alarm, intruders, flashes of light, etc while sleeping?

Back 49

The RAS- reticular activating system, a part of the reticular formation in the midbrain

Front 50

Decreases in _________ work with the RAS to stimulate sleep

Back 50

melatonin

Front 51

The two major areas of the Diencephalon are:

Back 51

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Front 52

The thalamus is interconnected with ___________ and is therefore involved in emotional and memory functions

Back 52

The limbic system

Front 53

This area of the brain controls proprioception, balance, coordination and gross motor movement

Back 53

The cerebellum

Front 54

What fissure separates the cerebellum and the cerebrum?

Back 54

The transverse fissure

Front 55

What are the tracts which bring information in or out of the Cerebellum?

Back 55

The cerebellar peduncles

Front 56

What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Back 56

The inferior peduncle carries sensory information from the spinal cord (from below)

Front 57

What is the function of the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle?

Back 57

The middle cerebellar peduncle carries sensory fibers from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, and from the cerebrum, vision centers and red nuclei(from above)

Front 58

What is the function of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle?

Back 58

Carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areas and control motor movements

Front 59

Where is the hypothalamus found?

Back 59

The hypothalamus is a functional area with nuclei scattered throughout parts of the brain and body

Front 60

What structure controls the autonomic nervous system?

Back 60

The hypothalamus controls the ANS and endocrine system; even though the pituitary releases hormones, the hypothalamus controls the pituitary.