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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sagittal plane
(and alternative name) |
anteroposterior
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Frontal plane
(alternative name?) |
coronal plane
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transverse plane
(alternative name?) |
horizontal plane
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internal-external
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nearer to -or- farther from the center
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Rostral
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used in describing the brain
nearer anterior part of head |
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caudal- cranial
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toward tail region -or- toward the head
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unilateral- bilateral
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occuring on one side -or- having right and left members
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circumduction
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distal end circular movement
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rotation
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revolving around longitudinal axis
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medial/ internal rotation
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brings anterior surface closer to median plane
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eversion- inversion
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movement of sole away from median plane -or- movement of sole toward median plane
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reposition
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movement from opposition back to anatomical position
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retrusion
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opposite of protrusion
movement backward of chin/lips/tongue |
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integumentary functions
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protection
excretion regulate body temp produce vitamin D storage lipids in adipocytes extend range of nervous system |
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layers of integumentary
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Epidermis, Dermis, subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia-- not really part of skin)
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Epidermis
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-keratinized epithelium
-tough, protective outer layer over regenerative, pigmented basal layer -no blood vessels or lymphatics |
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keratin cells in epidermis
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are horny like substances made of proteins
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stratum germinativum (aka stratum basale)
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-single row of rapidly dividing stem cells
-hemidesmosomes attach it to underlying dermis -epidermal ridges increase surface connection with dermis -basal cell carcinoma originates in stem cells of this layer. |
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hemidesmosomes
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attach one cell to the extracellular matrix
attach stratum germinativum to underlying dermis. |
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integumentary functions
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protection
excretion regulate body temp produce vitamin D storage lipids in adipocytes extend range of nervous system |
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layers of integumentary
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Epidermis, Dermis, subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia-- not really part of skin)
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Epidermis
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-keratinized epithelium
-tough, protective outer layer over regenerative, pigmented basal layer -no blood vessels or lymphatics |
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keratin cells in epidermis
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are horny like substances made of proteins
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stratum germinativum (stratum basale)
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-single row of rapidly dividing stem cells
-hemidesmosomes attach it to underlying dermis -epidermal ridges increase surface connection with dermis -basal cell carcinoma originates in stem cells of this layer |
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5 epidermal layers- starting superficial
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1. stratum corneum
2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum germinativum |
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basal cell carcinoma
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-type of non-melonoma skin cancer
-most common cancer in US -accounds for 75% of skin cancer -rarely metastasizes -occurs on skin regularly exposed to sun/ UV radiation -appears as flat lesions |
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hemidesmosomes
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attach one cell to the extracellular matrix
attach stratum germinativum to underlying dermis |
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stratum spinosum
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-8-10 cells thick
-langerhans' cells -keratinocytes continue to divide -squamous cell carcinoma originates in keratinocytes here |
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Langerhans' cells
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take up and process microbial antigens during skin infections
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squamous cell carcinoma
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-2nd most common
-appears crusted/ scaly patches w/ red, inflamed base or growing tumor -slow-growing malignant tumor -frequently found in lungs and skin (also occuring in anus, cervix, larynx, nose, and bladder) |
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Melanoma
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-malignant tumor of melanocytes (cells that produce pigment melanin)
-predominantly in skin -less common--more deadly (75% deaths related to skin cancer) |
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stratum granulosum
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-3-5 cells thick
-cells become flattened -cells produce toughening keratin and keratohyaline granules |
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stratum lucidum
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-very thin layer
-found only in thick skin -densely packed with keratin |
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stratum corneum
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-15-30 cells thick
-cells dead -accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness -cells very tough and water resistant |
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dermis
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-vascularized/contains nerve endings
-dense, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers -provides skin tone/ strength and toughness -fiber direction provides tension lines (langer lines) |
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langer lines
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tension lines in skin
in cuts, if you cut along a langer line the wound will close up nice. if you cut across, the would will gap |
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dermal layers
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papillary layer
reticular layer |
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papillary layer
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-areolar connective tissue
-collagen/elastin fibers form loose mat -abundant blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels -superior surface forms dermal papillae |
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areolar connective tissue
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connective tissue, loosely organized
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reticular layer
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-80% dermal thickness
-primarily dense irregular connective tissue -collagen/elastin fibers extend up into papillary layer and down into subcutaneous layer |
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dermal papillae
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form fingerprints
form superficial layer of dermis--protrude into epidermal layer |
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erythema
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unusually red
heat, inflammation, allergic reactions-- superficial capillary bedsengorged |
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stretch marks
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rapid changes stretch skin "too much" damaging collagen fibers in dermis
deep fascia is loosened due to protein breakdown--leading to reduced cohesion btw collagen fibers |
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fascia
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layer or boundar in body
fascia suround all our muscles, etc... |
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1st degree burn
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limited to epidermis
cells quickly replaced from basal layer |
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2nd degree burn
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epidermis and superficial dermis
-nerve endings damaged, hair follicle or sweat glands provide replacement cells for basal layer |
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3rd degree burn
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entire thickness and possible underlying muscle
marked edema--are numb because sensory endings destroyed |
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topical medications/ ointments
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drug administered to skin or mucous membrane
lipid-soluble more readily absorbed |
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transdermal patches
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attach to skin by adhesive layers
may be mixed with oily base to increase solubility provide slow, controlled release to ensure constant plasma level of drug |
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functions of skeletal system
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-support
-protection -leverage necessry for movement -mineral and lipid storage -blood cell production |
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short bones
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roughly cube shaped
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sesamoid bones
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form within tendons and frequently alter the direction of muscle pull. variable
ex patella |
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sutural bones
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(wormian bones)
small flattened bones in skull. variable |
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bone composition
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-calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (60-70% dry weight; provides rigidity, compressive strength)
-collagen protein (provides flexibility, tensile strength) -water (25-30% weight, contributes to strength) |
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compact bone (cortical bone)
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external part of bone
looks smooth and solid to naked eye |
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spongy bone (trabecular bone)
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(cancellous bone)
-internal part of bone -honeycomb of osseous -tissue called trabeculae filled with bone marrow has vertical and horizontal columns that resist force |
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diaphysis
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-shaft of LONG bone
-compact bone externally -central medullary cavity contains bone marrow |
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epiphyses
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-end of LONG bone, larger diameter than diaphysis
-compact bone externally -spongy bone internally |
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structure of flat bone
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-layer of spongy bone btw compact bone (dipole)
-spongy bone contains bone marrow, althogh no marrow cavity is present |
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periosteum
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-covers outer surface of bone except joint surface
-outer layer dense irregular connective tissue -inner layer composed primarily of osteoprogenitor cells along with osteoblasts and osteoclasts -richly supplied with blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels -continuous with joint capsules, tendons, ligaments |
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endosteum
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-covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass through compact bone
-composed of osteoprogenitor cells with osteoblasts and osteoclasts -lacks dense irregular connective tissue present in periosteum |
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osteoprogenitor cells
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becomes osteoblast and osteoclast
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osteogenesis (ossification)
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process of bone tissue formation
-in embryos--leads to development of body skeleton -before adulthood--leads to growth of skeleton -in adulthood--leads to increase in thickness of bones--remodeling and repair of bones |
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embryonic development of bone--two different tissue types bone develops from
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1. fibrous CT
-intramembranous ossification (leads to formation of most bones in skull and miscellaneous other bone) 2. hyaline cartilage -endochondral ossification (bones of skeleton from base of skull down (some exceptions) |
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osteoclasts
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of endosteum and spongy bone/ compact bone interface remove internal bone (keeps bones light)
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bone growth in length
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extension of endochondral ossification (i.e. cartilage forms and is replaced by bone)
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adult bone
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increasing loss of collagen
age-related decline in density trabecular bone affected |
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Type 1 osteoporosis
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post menopausal osteoporosis
40% women over 50 |
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Type II osteoporosis
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age associated osteoporosis
-affects most women -men after age 70 -90% of all fractures after age 60 related to osteoporosis |
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dowager's hump-- cause
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crush fractures of trabecular bone in vertebrae
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fibrous joints
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connected by fibrous tissue
1. syndemosis type-- partially moveable- connected by sheet of ligament of fibrous membrane 2. gomphosis type- peg-like process and socket |
