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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis.
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Epidermis- outer layer or superficial layer Dermis- middle layer
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Explain the functions of the subcutaneous layer.
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To help with insolation
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Explain what happens to epidermal cells as they undergo keratinization.
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Older skin cells pushed out dehydration and hardens
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Knowthe layers of the epidermis in order from the most superficial layerto deep
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- Stratunum corneum, outermost layer, dead keratinized cells
- Stratunum lucidum, only in thick skin, soles and palms - Stratunum granulosum - Stratunum spinosum - Sratunum basale/germinativum, deepest mitotic layer |
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Describe the function of melanocytes.
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It gives your skin color and helps absorb UV lights from sun
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Describe 3 physiological factors that affect skin color.
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Hereditary
Environmental Physiological |
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Name the tissue (s) in each of the two layers of the dermis and describe their functions.
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Papillary- Superficial layer
Reticular-Deeper layer |
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List the accessory structures of the skin.
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Hair folicles
nails skin glands |
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Explain the function of sebaceous glands.
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Keeps the skin moist and produce sebum
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Compare and contrast merocrine and apocrine sweat glands.
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Merocrine-numerous emotions pain
Apocrine-armpit and groin |
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List the functions of the skin.
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protectivecovering, excreates waste, temperature-sweating or shivering
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Explain the importance of body temperature regulation.
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Hypothermic-under 98.6 shiver to produce heat
hyperthermic-when person gets overheated because sweat doesnt evaporate |
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Familiarize symptoms of an individual presented in a hypothermic and hyperthermic state.
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Hypothermic- Confusion, lethargy, loss of consciousness and reflexes
hyperthermic- person gets weak, dizzy, nauseous, with headache and rapid pulse |
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Radiation
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Primarymethod, infrared heat rays escape
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Conduction
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Heatmoves from skin to cooler objects
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convection
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heatloss into circulating air currents
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evaporation
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sweatchanges into gas, carries heat away
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Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.
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Shallow-epidermis
deep- epidermis to dermis |
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Distinguish between first, second, and third degree burns.
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First- Epidermis, sunburn, red, inflammation, pain
Second- Epidermis and some dermis, blister, red, inflammation Third-Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer, assessory structures, skin grafting |
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Flat
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-skull
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Long
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-Femur
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Short
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-Tarsals
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Irregular
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-Vertebrae
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Compact bone
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-perimeter, osteons
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Spongy bone
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-inside weblike projections, trubeculae
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Epiphysis
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expanded end
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Diaphysis
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bone shaft
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Metaphysis
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between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part
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Articular cartilage
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covers epiphysis
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Periosteum
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encloses bone; dense connective tissue
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Trabeculae
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branching bony plates, make up spongy bone
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Medullary cavity
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hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow
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Endosteum
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Lines spaces, cavity
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Bone marrow
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Red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces
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Know the zones of cartilage in an epiphyseal plate in order from superficial to deep.
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-Zone of Resting Cartilage
-Zone of Proliferating cartilage -Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage -Zone of Calcified Cartilage |
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Osteoblasts
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- build off bones
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Osteoclasts
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-breakdown classified matrix
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List factors affecting bone growth.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin A Vitamin C Growth Hormone Thyroid Hormone Parathyroid Hormone Sex Hormone Physical Stress |
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cranium
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Frontal
Paraital occiptal temporal Sphenoid |
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facialskeleton
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Nasal
Mandible maxillary Zygomatic lacrimal Ethmoid |
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Describea typical vertebra
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Body
Pedicles Laminae Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen Facets Superior inferior articular processes |
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Cervical
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- Smallest vertebrae, Transverse foramina, Bifid spinous processes (on C2-C6), Vertebral prominens (on C7)
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Thoracic
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- Larger than cervical vertebrae, Articulate with ribs, Long, pointed spinous process
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Lumbar
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- Large bodies, Thick, short spinous processes, Weight-bearing, Spinous processes are thick, almost horizontal
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Name the bones of the upper limb, and describe their locations.
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Framework of upper arm, forearm, hand Humerus- Only bone of upper arm
Radius- Lateral forearm bone Ulna- Medial forearm bone Carpals Metacarpals phalanges |
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Name the bones that comprise the hip bone.
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Illium
Ischium Pubis |
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Name the bones of the lower limb, and describe their locations.
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Form framework of thigh, leg and foot: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
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Name the bones that comprise the thoracic cage.
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The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
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Describe how joints are classified.
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Structural
Functional |
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Structural
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous Synovial |
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Functional
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Synarthrotic- immovable
Amphiarthrotic- slightly movable Diarthrotic- freely movable |
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Synchondrosis
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- Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones, between the manubrium and the first rib.
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Symphysis
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- pad of fibrocartilage between bones
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Synovial membrane
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- Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid
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Ball and Socket joints
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Hip and Shoulder, Multiaxial-plus rotation
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Condylar Joints
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between metacarpals and phalanges, biaxial- no rotation
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Plane Joints
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wrist and ankle, nonaxial
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Hinge Joints
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elbow and joints between phalanges, unaxial
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Pivot Joints
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atlas (C1) and axis(C2), rotation, and unaxial
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Saddle Joints
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carpals and metacarpals, biaxial
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Name the parts that comprise of the shoulder joint.
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Ball-and-socket
Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Loose joint capsule Ligaments prevent displacement Glenoid labrum Several bursae Very wide range of movement, including rotation, circumduction |
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Name the major ligaments associated with the shoulder joint.
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Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligaments Transverse humeral ligament |
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Name the parts that comprise the elbow joint.
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Hingejoint
Plane(gliding) joint |
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Name the major ligaments associated with the elbow joint.
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Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament Anular ligament |
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Name the parts that comprise the hip joint.
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•Ball-and-socket joint
•Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone •Acetabular labrum •Heavy joint capsule •Many reinforcing ligaments •Variety of movement, yet less than at shoulder joint |
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Name the parts that comprise the knee joint.
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Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in body)
Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament |
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Describe the major ligaments associated with the knee joint.
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•Patellar ligament
•Oblique popliteal ligament •Arcuate popliteal ligament •Tibial (medial) collateral ligament •Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament •Anterior cruciate ligament •Posterior cruciate ligament |
