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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy
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Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them
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Define Dissection
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Dissection is the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
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Define Physiology
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Physiology is the science of body functions - how body parts work
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Define Embryology
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Embryology is the study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero
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Define Developmental Biology
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Developmental Biology is the study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form
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Define Histology
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study of microscopic structure of tissues
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Define Surface Anatomy
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study of anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpation
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Define Gross Anatomy
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study of structures that can be examined without a microscope
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Define Systematic Anatomy
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study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
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Define Regional Anatomy
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study of specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
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Define Radiographic Anatomy
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study of body structures that can be visualized with x rays
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Define Pathological Anatomy
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study of structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease
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Define Neurophysiology
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study of functional properties of nerve cells
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Define Endocrinology
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study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
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Define Cardiovascular Physiology
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study of functions of the heart and blood vessels
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Define Immunology
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study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents
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Define Respiratory Physiology
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study of functions of the air passageways and lungs
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Define Renal Physiology
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study of functions of the kidneys
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Define Exercise Physiology
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study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity
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Define Pathophysiology
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study of functional changes associated with disease and aging
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Define Atoms
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Atoms are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reations
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Define Molecules
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Molecules are two or more atoms joined together
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What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal
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Define Cells
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Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism
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Define Tissue
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Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
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Define Organs
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Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
- have specific function |
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Define System
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A system consists of related organs with a common function
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Define Organism
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All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism
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What are the components of the Integumentary System?
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skin, and structures derived from it, such as hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands
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What are the components of the Skeletal System?
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bones, joints and cartilages
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What are the components of the Muscular System?
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muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue, so-named because it is usually attached to bone
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What are the components of the Nervous System?
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
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What are the components of the Endocrine System?
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hormone-producing glands (pineal glands, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testes)
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What are the components of the Cardiovascular System?
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blood, heart, and blood vessels
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What are the components of the Lymphatic System?
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lymphatic fluid and vessels; also spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils
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What are the components of the Respiratory System?
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lungs and air passageways such as pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them
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What are the components of the Digestive System?
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organs of the gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes mouth, throat, stomach and intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, liver
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What are the components of the Female Reproductive Systems?
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Ovaries, and associated organs such as uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
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What are the components of the Male Reproductive Systems?
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Testes, and associated organs such as epididymis, ductus deferens and penis
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What are the components of the Urinary System?
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
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What is the function of the Integumentary System?
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protects that body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some waste; detects sensations such as touch, pain, hot and cold
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What is the function of the Skeletal System?
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Supports and protects the body; provides a surface for muscle attachments; aids body movements; stores minerals and fats
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What is the function of the Muscular Systems?
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Produces body movements, such as walking; stabilizes body position (posture); generates heat
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What is the function of the Nervous System?
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Generates action potiential to regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environment
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What is the function of the Endocrine System?
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Regulates body activities by releasing hormones which are chemical messengers transported to target organ
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What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?
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Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water contents of body fluids
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What is the function of the Lymphatic System?
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Returns proteins and fluids to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
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What is the function of the Respiratory System?
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Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
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What is the function of the Digestive System?
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Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
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What is the function of the Urinary System?
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Produces, stores, and eleminates urine; eliminates waste; maintains body mineral balance
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What is the function of the Reproductive Systems?
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Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes; also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
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Define Metabolism
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Metabolism is all the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism
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Define Catabolism
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one phase of metabolism
- breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components |
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Define Anabolism
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-phase of metabolism
-build up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components |
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Define Responsiveness
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Responsiveness is the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
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What are the six most important processes of the human body?
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Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
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Define Movement
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Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside of cells
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Define Growth
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Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in size of cells, number of cells or both
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Define Differentiation
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Differentiation is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
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Define Reproduction
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refers to formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or the production of a new individual
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Define Homeostasis
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the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment
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Define Intracellular Fluid
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fluid within cells
- abbreviated ICF |
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Define Extracellular Fluid
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fluid outside body cells
- abbreviated ECF |
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Define Interstitial Fluid
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the ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
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Define Blood Plasma
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ECF within blood vessels
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Define Lymph
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ECF within lymphatic vessels
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Define Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Extracellular fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord
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Define Synovial Fluid
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Extracellular fluid in joints
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Why is interstitial fluid called the internal environment of the body?
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Because interstitial fluid surrounds all body cells
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Define Feedback System
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a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored
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Define Receptor in a feedback system
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a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center
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Define Control Center
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it sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained ex. brain
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Define Effector
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body stucture that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect
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Define Negative Feedback System
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a feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition
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Define Positive Feedback System
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a feedback system that strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition
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Define Disorder
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and abnormality of structure or function
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Define Disease
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specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
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Define symptoms
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subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer ex. headache, nausea, anxiety
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Define signs
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objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure ex. rash, swelling, fever, high blood pressure
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Define Epidemiology
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science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
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Define Pharmacology
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science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of diseases
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Define Diagnosis
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science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
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Describe Anatomical position
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subject stands erect facing observer palms forward
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Define prone position
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body laying face down
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Define supine position
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body laying face up
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What are the principal regions of the body?
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head, neck, truck, upper limbs and lower limbs
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Define superior
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toward the head, or upper part of the structure
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Define Inferior
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away from the head, or lower part of a structure
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Define Anterior
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Nearer to or at the front of the body
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Define Posterior
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Nearer to or at the back of the body
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Define Medial
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Nearer to the midline
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Define Lateral
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farther away from the midline
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Define Intermediate
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between two structures
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Define Ipsilateral
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on the same side of the body as another structure
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Define Contralateral
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on the opposite side of the body from another structure
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Define Proximal
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nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
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Define Distal
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farther from the attachement of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
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Define Superficial
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toward or on the surface of the body
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Define Deep
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away from the surface of the body
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Define Planes
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imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
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Define Sagittal Plane
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vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
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Define Midsagittal plane or median plane
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when a vertical plane divides the body or an organ into EQUAL right and left sides
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Define Parasagittal Plane
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when a sagittal plane divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
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Define Frontal Plane
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plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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Define Coronal Plane
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plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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Define Transverse Plane
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plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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What are two other names for a transverse plane?
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cross-sectional or horizontal planes
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Define Oblique Plane
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a plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle
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Define section
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one flat surface of a three-dimensional structure or a cut along a plane
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Define body cavities
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spaces wihin the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
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What are the parts of the Cranial cavity?
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formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
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What forms the Vertebral Cavity?
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formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
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What are the two major body cavities of the trunk?
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Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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What are the three parts of the Thoracic cavity?
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Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
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What is in the Pleural cavity?
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each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of the pleural cavity is the pleura
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What is in the Pericardial cavity?
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the cavity surrounds the heart
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What is the mediastinum?
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central portions of thoracic cavity between the lungs; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea
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What are the two parts of the Abdominopelvic cavity?
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abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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What does the abdominal cavity contain?
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stomach, spleen, liver, gallblader, small intestine, most of the large intestine
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What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?
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peritoneum
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What does the pelvic cavity contain?
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urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal organs of reproduction
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Define Viscera
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organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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