Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

What 2 type of cells does the neural tissue contain?

Back 1

-Neurons

-Neuroglia

Front 2

-Basic functional units of nervous system

-Cells that send and receive signals

Back 2

Neurons

Front 3

-Cells that support and protect neurons

-Half the volume of the nervous system

-Many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS

Back 3

Neuroglia (Glial cells)

Front 4

What are the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Back 4

-Central nervous system (CNS)

-Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 5

-Consist of the spinal cord and brain

-Contains neural tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels

Back 5

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 6

Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS

Back 6

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 7

What are functional divisions of the PNS?

Back 7

-Afferent Division

-Efferent Division

Front 8

-Carries sensory info

-From PNS sensory receptors to CNS

Back 8

Afferent Division

Front 9

-Carries motor commands

-From CNS to PNS muscles and glands

Back 9

Efferent Division

Front 10

-Sense Changes

-detect changes or respond to stimuli

-Neurons and specialized cells

-Complex sensory organs

Back 10

Receptors

Front 11

-Do Something

-Respond to efferent signals

-cells and organs

Back 11

Effectors

Front 12

-Somatic nervous system (SNS)

-Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 12

The Efferent Division of the PNS

Front 13

-Controls skeletal muscle contractions

-Voluntary muscle contractions

-Involuntary muscle contractions (reflexes)

Back 13

Somatic Nervous System

Front 14

-Controls subconscious actions

-Contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

-Glandular secretions

Back 14

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 15

-Sympathetic Division

-Parasympathetic Division

Back 15

Divisions of the ANS

Front 16

-Has a stimulating effect (adrenaline)

-Fight or flight

Back 16

Sympathetic Division

Front 17

Has a relaxing effect

Back 17

Parasympathetic Division

Front 18

The basic functional units of the nervous system

Back 18

Neurons

Front 19

-Common in the CNS

-Short, branched dendrites

-long, single axon

-Most Common

-Multiple dendrites, 1 axon

Back 19

Multipolar Neuron

Front 20

-Highly branched

-Dendritic spines

Back 20

Dendrites

Front 21

-Long

-Carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

-Structure is critical to function

Back 21

Axon

Front 22

-Thick section of cell body

-Attaches to initial segment

Back 22

Axon hillock

Front 23

Where a neuron communicates with another cell

Back 23

Synapse

Front 24

-Is expanded area of axon

-Contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters

Back 24

Synaptic Knob

Front 25

Neuron that sends message

Back 25

Presynaptic cell

Front 26

Cell that receives message

Back 26

Postsynaptic cell

Front 27

What are the 2 types of Synapses?

Back 27

-Neuromuscular Junction

-Neuroglandular junction

Front 28

Synapse between neuron and muscle

Back 28

Neuromuscular junction

Front 29

A synapse between neuron and gland

Back 29

Neuroglandular junction

Front 30

The small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

Back 30

Synaptic Cleft

Front 31

What are the 4 structural classifications of neurons?

Back 31

-Anaxonic neurons

-Bipolar neurons

-Unipolar neurons

-Multipolar neurons

Front 32

-Found in brain and sense organs

-Small

-All cell processes look alike

Back 32

Anaxonic neurons

Front 33

-Found in special sensory organs

-Small

-1 dendrite, 1 axon

Back 33

Bipolar neurons

Front 34

-Found in sensory neurons of PNS

-Very long axons

-Fused dendrites and axon

-Cell body to 1 side

Back 34

Unipolar neurons

Front 35

-Common in the CNS

-Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons

-Very long axons

-Multiple dendrites, 1 axon

- MOST COMMON

Back 35

Multipolar neurons

Front 36

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

Back 36

-Sensory neurons

-Motor neurons

-Interneurons

Front 37

-Afferent neurons of PNS

-Deliver info from receptors to the CNS

Back 37

Sensory neurons

Front 38

-Efferent neurons of PNS

-Carry instructions from the CNS to effectors

Back 38

Motor neurons

Front 39

-Association neurons

-Between sensory and motor neurons

Back 39

Interneurons

Front 40

What are the 3 types of sensory receptors?

Back 40

-Interceptors

-Exteroceptors

-Proprioceptors

Front 41

-Monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive)

-Internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain)

Back 41

Interceptors

Front 42

-External senses (touch, temp, pressure)

-Distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)

Back 42

Exteroceptors

Front 43

Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

Back 43

Proprioceptors

Front 44

What are the 4 types of Neuroglia in the CNS

Back 44

-Ependymal cell

-Astrocytes

-Oligodendrocytes

-Microglia

Front 45

-Highly branched processes

-Contact neuroglia directly

Back 45

Ependymal cell

Front 46

-large cell bodies

- many processes

Back 46

Astrocytes

Front 47

-Smaller cell bodies

-Fewer processes

Back 47

Oligodendrocytes

Front 48

-Small

-Many fine branched processes

-Migrate through neural tissue

-Clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens

Back 48

Microglia

Front 49

Myelinated segments of axon

Back 49

Internodes

Front 50

-Also called nodes of Ranvier

-Gaps between internodes

-Where axons may branch

Back 50

Nodes

Front 51

Regions of CNS with many myelinated

Back 51

White matter

Front 52

Unmyelinated areas of CNS

Back 52

Gray matter

Front 53

-Masses of neuron cell bodies

-Surrounded by neuroglia

-Found in the PNS

Back 53

Ganglia

Front 54

What are the 2 types of Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous system

Back 54

-Satellite cells

-Schwann cells

Front 55

-Also called Amphicytes

-Surround ganglia

-Regulate environment around neuron like astrocytes

Back 55

Satellite cells

Front 56

-Also called Neurilemmacytes

-Form myelin sheath around peripheral axons

-1 Schwann cell sheaths 1 segment of axon

Back 56

Schwann cells

Front 57

Passive forces across the membrane

Back 57

-Chemical gradients

-Electrical gradients

Front 58

Concentration gradients of ions (Na, K)

Back 58

Chemical gradients

Front 59

-Separated charges of positive and negative ions

-Results in potential difference

Back 59

Electrical gradients

Front 60

-Also called Leak channels

-Are always open

-Permeability changes with conditions

Back 60

Passive Channels

Front 61

-Also called Gated Channels

-Open and close in response to stimuli

- At resting potential, most gated channels are closed

Back 61

Active channels

Front 62

-Also called local potentials

-Changes in transmembrane potential

- Any stimulus that opens a gated channel

Back 62

Graded Potentials

Front 63

-A shift in transmembrane potential from the resting potential of -70 mV toward a more positive potential

-Sodium channel opens

Back 63

Depolarization

Front 64

When the stimulus is removed, transmembrane potential returns to normal

Back 64

Repolarization

Front 65

-Increasing the negativity of the resting potential

-Result of opening a potassium channel

-Opposite effect of opening a sodium channel

-Positive ions move out, not into cell

Back 65

Hyperpolarization

Front 66

-Unmyelinated axons

-gray matter

Back 66

Continuous propagation

Front 67

-myelinated axons

-white matter

Back 67

Saltatory propagation

Front 68

What are the 3 groups of axons

Back 68

-Type A

-Type B

-Type C

Front 69

-Myelinated

-Large diameter

-High sped

-Carry rapid info to/from CNS

Back 69

Type A fibers

Front 70

-Myelinated

-Medium diameter

-Medium speed

-Carry intermediate signals

Back 70

Type B fiber

Front 71

-Unmyelinated

-Small diameter

-Slow speed

-Carry slower info

Back 71

Type C fibers

Front 72

What are 2 types of Synapses?

Back 72

-Electrical synapses

-Chemical synapses

Front 73

-Direct physical contact between cells

-Locked together at gap junctions

-Produce continuous local current and action potential propagation

-Are found in areas of brain, eye, ciliary ganglia

Back 73

Electrical synapses

Front 74

-Signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

-Are found in most synapses between neurons and all synapses between neurons and other cells

-MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF SYNAPSE

Back 74

Chemical synapses

Front 75

-Excitatory neurotransmitters

-Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Back 75

2 classes of neurotransmitters

Front 76

-Cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes

-Promote action potentials

Back 76

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Front 77

-Causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes

-suppress action potentials

Back 77

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Front 78

-Released by adrenergic synapses

-Excitatory and depolarizing effect

-Found in brain and portions of ANS

Back 78

Norepinephrine

Front 79

-A CNS neurotransmitter

-May be excitatory or inhibitory

-Involved in Parkinson's disease, cocaine use (movement)

Back 79

Dopamine

Front 80

-A CNS neurotransmitter

-A sort of excitatory effect

-Affects attention, sleep and wake cycles, and emotional states

Back 80

Serotonin

Front 81

-Inhibitory effect

-Functions in CNS

-Not well understood

Back 81

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Front 82

-Excitatory postsynaptic potential

-Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Back 82

2 types of Postsynaptic potentials

Front 83

-Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

Back 83

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Front 84

-Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

-neuron is inhibited

Back 84

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Front 85

-Multiple times

-Rapid, repeated stimuli at 1 synapse

-Graded potential grows until threshold is reached

Back 85

Temporal Summation

Front 86

-Multiple locations

-May stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses

Back 86

Spatial Summation