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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Osteoblast |
Immature bone cell that produces bone matrix known as osteoid |
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Osteocyte |
Mature bone cell Each cell occupies lacunae in bone |
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Osteoclast |
Very large multinucleated cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals, which is a process known as osteolysis or resoprtion |
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Long bones |
Long cylindrical shaft, two ends, and marrow cavity Main supporting bones |
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Diaphysis |
Shaft of long bone |
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Epiphysis |
Proximal or distal end of long bone |
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Articular cartilage |
Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones |
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Periosteum |
Fibrous membrane covering outside of bone Rich in blood, nerves, and lymphatic vessels |
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Endosteum |
Lines marrow cavity |
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Medullary (marrow) cavity |
Space within bone center that contains marrow (red or yellow) |
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Red |
___ marrow is hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells |
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Yellow |
___ marrow is primarily fat |
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Epiphyseal cartilage |
Region between diaphysis and epiphysis where bone grows in length Growth plate Becomes epiphyseal line in mature animals
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Short bones |
Small, cube-shaped bones Two thin layers of compact bone with spongy bone between layers Function as shock absorbers |
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Flat bones |
Thin, flat bones Two layers of compact bone with spongy bone between the layers Resembles a sandwich Have a protective function |
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Pneumatic bones |
Contain sinuses |
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Irregular bones |
Unpaired bones with complicated shapes that don't fit any other category |
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Sesamoid bones |
Found near freely moving joints Small short bones attached to tendons Reduce friction along a joint |
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Osteogenesis (ossification) |
formation of bone |
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Endochondral |
Bones formed from cartilage bars laid down in the embryo Majority of bones in body are formed by this method |
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Intramembranous |
Bones formed from fibrous membranes laid down in the embryo Most flat bones formed by this method Osteoblasts produce new bone and become mature osteocytes |
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Clavicle |
Cat has a ___; dog does not |
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (caudal) |
Order of vertebral sections cranial to caudal |
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Vertebral formula of dogs and cats |
7, 13, 7, 3, 6-23 |
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Vertebral formula of horse
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7, 18, 6, 5, 15-20 |
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Vertebral formula of cattle |
7, 13, 6, 5, 18-20 |
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Vertebral formula of pig |
7, 14-15, 6-7, 4, 20-23 |
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Vertebral formula of sheep |
7, 13, 6-7, 4, 16-18 |
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Articulations |
Formed when 2 or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue Classified by function |
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Synarthrosis |
Immovable joint e.g. skull sutures |
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Amphiarthrosis |
Slightly movable joint e.g. pubic symphysis |
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Diarthrosis |
Freely movable joint e.g. stifle |
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Fibrous |
United by fibrous tissue No joint cavity Synarthroses e.g. skull sutures |
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Cartilaginous |
United by cartilage No joint cavity Amphiarthoses e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis |
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Synovial |
Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid synovial membrane and joint capsule Diarthroses e.g. all joints of limbs Majority of joints in body are ___ |
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Produce movement, maintain posture, produce heat |
3 functions of muscular system |
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Skeletal muscle |
Striated, voluntary muscle Multinucleated and run parallel |
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Smooth muscle |
Visceral, nonstriated, involuntary Spindle shaped with 1 nucleus and no striations |
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Cardiac muscle (myocardium) |
Involuntary striated cells that branch to form a network Cells jointed by intercalated discs |
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Flexor |
Decreases angle of joint |
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Extensor |
Increases angle of joint |
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Abductor |
Moves bone away from midline |
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Adductor |
Moves bone toward midline |
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Levator |
Produces dorsally directed movement |
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Depressor |
Ventrally directed movement |
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Sphincter |
Decreases size of opening |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
___ consists of brain and spinal cord |
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Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain stem, Cerebellum |
4 divisions of the brain |
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Cerebrum |
Site of motor control, interpretation of sensory impulses, and areas of association |
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Front, parietal, occipital, and temporal |
4 lobes of cerebrum |
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Diencephalon |
Region of thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Thalamus |
Relay station for sensory impulses and interprets some sensations (temperature and pain) |
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Hypothalamus |
Regulates many homeostatic functions (body temperature, fluid balance, thirst, urine output, food intake, emotion, and behavioral patterns) and has important connection with endocrine system |
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Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
3 parts of brain stem |
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Midbrain |
Connecting link between forebrain (cerebrum) and hindbrain |
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Pons |
Important respiratory centers |
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Mella oblongata |
nerve fibers cross from left to right and vise versa Influences respiratory rate, heart rate, vomiting, coughing and sneezing |
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Retiuclar activating system (RAS) |
Throughout brain stem is ___, which is responsible for sleep/wake cycles |
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Cerebellum |
Responsible for coordination and balance |
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Spinal cord |
Runs through vertebral foramen Arrangement: outer white matter, which has nerve fibers, and butterfly-shaped region of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies Major function: convey sensory (afferent) nerve impulses from periphery to brain and conduct motor (effect) nerve impulses from brain to periphery Brain and this are protected by bone and meinges
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
Colorless watery fluid Contains protein, glucose, ions, and other substances pH and pressure are important Cushions and nourishes brain |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
All nerve processes connecting to CNS Includes all cranial and spinal nerves |
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Afferent (sensory) nerves |
Carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS for interpretation |
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Efferent (motor) nerves |
Carry impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle as part of somatic division and to smooth muslce, glands, and heart as part of autnomic system |
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Somatic division |
All voluntary movements are part of the ____ of the PNS |
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Autonomic division |
All involuntary functions of PNS |
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Sympathetic |
Division of autonomic nervous system that elicit the fight-or-flight response in emergencies or stressful situations (increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood flow) |
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Parasympathetic |
Division of autonomic nervous system that are responsible for quiet activities (digestion, heart rate), and return body to normal levels after sympathetic response |
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Cardiovascular system |
Function: provide force to circulate blood to all parts of the body |
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Mycardium |
Heart (cardiac muscle) |
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Pericardium |
Double-walled membranous sac covering myocardium |
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Endocardium |
Serous membrane lining inner chambers of the heart |
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Cranial and caudal vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Body |
Flow of blood through the heart (14 steps) |
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Systole |
Atria contract |
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Diastole |
Ventricles relax |
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Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Bundle of His (AV bundle) Purkinje fibers |
Electrical flow through heart to cause contraction (4) |
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Atrial diastole |
Atria at rest Right atrium receiving blood from precava and postcava while left atrium receiving blood from pulmonary veins |
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Atrial systole |
Atria contracting Sinoatrial (SA) node fires, causing contraction of the atria Blood is pushed through tricuspid and bicuspid valves into right and left ventricles |
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Ventricular diastole |
Ventricles receive blood from atria |
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Ventricular systole |
Impulse from SA node conducted to atrioventricular (AV) node, which conducts impulse down bundle of His (AV bundle) to Purkinje fibers Ventricles now stimulated to contract Blood forced through semilunar valves into pulmonary artery to lungs and out of the aorta to all parts of the body |
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Lubb |
First sound of heart auscultation Long sound made when AV valves closee
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Dupp |
Second sound of heart auscultation Short, sharp sound made when semilunar valves close |
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70-160 |
Dog HR |
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150-210 |
Cat HR |
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28-50 |
Horse HR |
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40-80 |
Cattle HR |
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P wave |
First wave on EKG that represents electrical events during atrial systole (depolarization) |
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QRS complex |
Wave on EKG that represents electrical evens of ventricular systole (depolarization) |
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T wave |
Wave on EKG that represents electrical events during ventricular diastole (repolarization) |
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Arteries |
Carry blood away from heart Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary) Thicker and stronger than veins Pressure is greater than veins |
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Arterioles |
Small arteries Lead to capillaries and regulate blood flow to them |
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Capillaries |
Consist of one layer of endothelium Microscopic diameter Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place here |
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Venules |
Emerge from capillaries and enlarge into veins |
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Veins |
Larger than arteries with thinner walls BP is low; have valves to prevent backflow of blood Carry blood to heart |
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Blood pressure |
Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls |
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Systolic |
Force exerted during contraction of ventricles (maximum) |
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Diastolic |
Force exerted while ventricles are relaxed (minimum) |
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Herbivore |
Plant-eating animal e.g. rabbit, cattle, horse, sheep |
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Carnivore |
Meat-eating animal e.g. cat, dog, tiger |
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Omnivore |
Plant- and meat-eating animal e.g. rats, pigs, humans |
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Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
4 layers of walls of GI tract or alimentary canal |
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Mucosa |
Closest to the lumen with 3 sublayers: Epithelium: stratified squamous and simple columnar Lamina propria: connective tissue Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle |
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Submucosa |
Layer of GI tract with loose connective tissue |
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Muscularis externa |
2/3 layers of smooth muscle depending on location |
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Serosa |
Last layer of GI tract with loose connective tissue |
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Mouth |
Receives food and mixes it with saliva during mastication Bolus is formed |
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Pharynx |
Common passageway for digestive and respiratory systems |
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Esophagus |
Muscular tube running from the pharynx to cardia (opening to stomach) Food moves through via peristalsis |
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Simple stomach |
Monogastric animals have this type of stomach |
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Esophageal, cardiac, fundic, pyloric |
4 regions of simple stomach |
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Rugae |
Inner folds of simple stomach |
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Acidic |
pH of the stomach is ___ |
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Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
4 compartments of ruminant stomach |
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Rumen |
"Fermentation vat" Largest compartment Food is mixed and churned in favorable environment |
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Reticulum |
"Hardware compartment" Most cranial compartment not completely separate from rumen "Honeycomb" Passageway for food, paces contraction of rumen, and usual site for ingested foreign objects |
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Omasum |
Grinds up food and absorbs water and bicarbonate Composed of many layers of laminae, which resemble leaves |
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Abomasum |
True glandular stomach Mixes the food with enzymes, initiating chemical digestion |
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Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
3 regions of small intestine |
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Pancreas |
Releases sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes acidic chyme and digestive enzymes into the duodenum Also releases Trypsin, Lipase, and Amylase |
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Trypsin |
Digest proteins |
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Lipase |
To digest fat |
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Amylase |
To digest starch |
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Liver |
Produces bile, which emulsifies fats |
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Gallbladder |
Stores bile and releases it into the duodenum when fats are present Under the influence of cholecystokinin (CCK) Rats and horses don't have one |
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Lymphatic system |
Functions: Absorb protein-containing fluid that escapes from capillaries in tissues and returns it tot he venous system Transports fats from digestive tract to blood Produces lymphocytes Develops immunity |
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Lymph vessels |
Blind-ended tubes, running parallel to venous system, that eventually empty into precava Resemble veins but have thinner walls and more valves; lymph is filtered through lymph nodes |
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Lymph nodes (glands) |
Oval-shaped structures Filter lymph Produce lymphocytes |
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Spleen |
Largest mass of lymphoid tissue Phagocytic function Produces lymphocytes Stores and releases blood as needed |
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Tonsils |
Mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membrane Supplied with reticuloendothelial cells |
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Thymus |
Located in cranial chest cavity between trachea and ribs Important in developing immune response in young Eventually replaced by fat in the adult, depending on the species |
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Nostrils (nares) |
External openings in respiratory system |
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Nasal cavity |
Lined with mucous membrane Houses turbinate bones Air is warmed by capillaries, moistened, and filtered |
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Nasopharynx |
From posterior nares to soft palate |
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Oropharynx |
From soft palate to hyoid bone |
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Laryngopharynx |
From hyoid bone to larynx |
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Eustachian tube |
From middle ear to nasopharynx |
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Larynx (voice box) |
Consists of cartilage Epiglottis covers glottis during swallowing Vocal folds attach to arytenoid cartilage |
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Trachea |
Noncollapsible, C-shaped, cartilaginous rings Lined with ciliated columnar cells Divides into bronchi at tracheal bifurcation |
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Bronchi |
Right and left cartilaginous ___ enter the lungs Passageways become progressively smaller, and the amount of cartilage diminishes |
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Bronchiole |
Consists of smooth muscle, no cartilage Lead to the alveoli |
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Lungs |
Varying number of lobes, depending on species Covered with visceral pleura House microscopic air sacs known as alveoli, where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
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Ventilation |
Movement of air between atmosphere and lungs |
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External respiration |
Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood |
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Internal respiration |
Exchange of gases between blood and cells |
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Inspiration (inhalation) |
Nervous impulse from brain causes diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to contract Diaphragm moves caudally and chest moves ventrally Air moves into lungs |
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Expiration (exhalation) |
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm moves cranially and chest moves dorsally Air moves out of lungs |
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Tidal volume |
Volume of air exchanged during normal breathing |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
Amount of air inspired over tidal volume |
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Expiratory reserve volume |
Amount of air expired over tidal volume |
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Residual volume |
Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration |
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Dead space |
Air in pathways of respiratory system |
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10-30 |
RR of dog |
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24-42 |
RR of cat |
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8-16 |
RR of horse |
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12-36 |
RR of cattle |
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Pneumothorax |
Air in thoracic cavity |
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Atelectasis |
Collapsed lungs |
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Pleuritis |
Inflammation of pleural membranes |
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Pneumonia |
Inflammation of lungs causes primarily by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants |
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Eupnea |
Normal, quiet respiration |
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Dyspnea |
Difficult breathing |
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Apnea |
No breathing |
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Kidneys |
Extract and move metabolic waste from blood; blood pressure provides the force Size and shape vary according to species; majority are bean shaped |
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Right |
___ kidney is more firmly attached and cranial to other |
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Nephron |
Microscopic unit of the kidney |
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Ureter |
Consist of smooth muscle Capable of peristalsis to move urine to urinary bladder |
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Urinary bladder |
Consists of smooth muscle Lined with transitional cell epithelium |
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Urethra |
Tube of smooth muscle to transport urine from urinary bladder to exterior |
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Filatration |
Blood enters glomerulus by afferent arteriole Various pressure cause water, salt, and small molecules to move out of glomerulus into Bowman's capsule |
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Reabsorption |
Occurs in PCTs and loop of Henle; substances needed by body are reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate into peritubular capillaries |
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Secretion |
Substances selectively secreted from peritublar capillaries into DCT |
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Urination (micturition) |
Voiding of urine Filtrate flows into collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, and is voided as urine Urine is water plus waste prodcuts |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Increase in ___ release increases reabsorption of water within kidney |
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Aldosterone |
Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the kidney |
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Testicles |
Two oval glands in skin-covered scrotum |
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Seminiferous tubules |
Produce sperm |
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Epididymis |
Adheres to side of testicle Connects seminiferous tubules to vas deferens and provides storage for sperm and place for maturation |
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Vas deferens |
Connect epididymis to urethra Part of spermatic cord, along with blood vessels and nerves |
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Accessory sex glands |
Produce semen |
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Semen |
Provides a transport medium for sperm, protects sperm against acidity in female genital tract, and provides source of nutrition |
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Ovaries |
Paired oval organs in abdomen Produce ova and hormones |
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Oviduct |
Conducts ova from ovary to uterine horn or uterus |
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Infundibulum |
Funnel-shaped end of oviduct, proximal to ovary, helps direct ovum into oviduct |
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Cervix |
Opening to uterus; some species have a double (rabbits) |
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Endometrium |
Epithelial cells, mucous membrane, and glands Varies in thickness during reproductive cycle Is reabsorbed in animals with estrous cycle and sloughed in animals with a menstrual cycle |
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Myometrium |
Histological layer of female reproductive tract that consists of smooth muscle |
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Perimetrium |
Histological layer of female reproductive tract that consists of a serous covering, which is continuous with peritoneum |
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Vestibule |
Common duct for urine and fetus during partutition Muscular tube from cervix to urethral orifice |
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Vulva |
External genital organ Many females have common urogenital pathway |
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Monestrous |
Usually one cycle per year, and usually in seasonal breeders (mink) |
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Diestrous |
Cycle in spring and fall (dog) |
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Polyestrous |
More than one cycle per year (continuous) (swine) |
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Seasonally polyestrous |
Cycle continuously in specific seasons (cat, horse, sheep) |
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Induced ovulators |
Ovulate after being breed (cat, rabbit, mink, ferret) |
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Spontaneous ovulator |
Ovulation occurs naturally regardless of coitus (dog, cattle, horse) |
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Proestrus |
Period of preparation Female attracts male but is not receptive Under influence of FSH from pituitary New ovarian follicles grow and release estrogen, which builds up uterus and uterine horns |
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Estrus (standing heat) |
Period of sexual receptivity Uterus and uterine horns ready to receive embryo Release of LH from pituitary causes ovulation in dogs Dogs have blood discharge and cat exhibit behavior changes |
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Metestrus |
Short postovulatory stage Each ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum Corpus luteum produces progesterone which causes final maturation of uterine horns and or uterus and inhibits development of new follicles |
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Diestrus |
Corpus luteum continues to secrete hormones No pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates Pregnancy, corpus luteum is maintained and continues to secrete hormones |
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Anestrus |
Long period of inactivity in seasonally polyestrous animals |
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63 days |
Gestation period of cats and dogs |
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336 days |
Gestation period of horse |
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285 days |
Gestation period of cow |
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Sclera |
Outermost fibrous layer of eye |
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Uvea |
Vascular layer of eye Consist of iris, ciliary body, and choroid |
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Iris |
Colored, contractile membrane between lens and cornea regulates amount of light passing through pupil |
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Ciliary body |
Supports lens; major site for production of aqueous humor |
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Choroid |
Vascular coat between sclera and retina |
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Retina |
Innermost layer of eye, light sensitive, housing photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
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Vitreous humor |
Clear gel that occupies space between lens and retina |
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Lens |
Focuses light onto retina |
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Iris |
Colored, contractile membrane between lens and cornea; regulates amount of light passing through pupil |
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Pupil |
Opening in center of iris |
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Aqueous humor |
Clear, watery fluid filling anterior and posterior chambers between cornea and lens |
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Cornea |
Transparent covering of eye |
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Conjunctiva |
Mucous membrane that lines eyelids |
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Nictitating membrane |
Third eyelid |
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Outer ear |
Pinna up to and including tympanic membrane Air filled |
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Middle ear |
Houses 3 ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) Air filled; communicates with nasopharynx by way of Eustachian tube |
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Inner ear |
Houses cochlea and semicircular canals Fluid filled Cochlea houses organ of Corti (hearing receptors) Semicircular canals contain nerve receptors for perception of balance |
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b.Mitochondria |
Which of the following would be found in abundance in a skeletal muscle cell? a.Golgi complex |
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c.Sodium-potassium pump |
Which of the following uses active transport? a.Diffusion |
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a.Articular cartilage in a long bone |
Which of the following contains hyaline cartilage? a.Articular cartilage in a long bone |
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d. Caudal |
The stomach is _________________ to the heart. |
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a.Lacunae |
Which of the following houses osteocytes in compact bone? a.Lacunae |
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c.Cardiac muscle |
These striated cells are joined by intercalated disks and have a single, centrally located nucleus: a.Flat bone |
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c. Are supportive and protective only |
Schwann cells: |
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c.Pulmonary vein |
Which vessel contains oxygenated blood? a.Vena cava |
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d.SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers |
During contraction, the electrical impulse in the heart travels through several structures. Which of the following is the correct order of transmission? a.Purkinje fibers, bundle of His, SA node, AV node |
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a. Atrial systole |
Which part of the ECG is represented by the P wave? |
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d.Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
Food travels through the stomach of the ruminant in what order? a.Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum |
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a.Parietal cells |
In the digestive system, which cells produce the necessary hydrochloric acid? a.Parietal cells |
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c. Caudally |
During inhalation, the diaphragm moves: |
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b.Loop of Henle |
The outer cortex of the kidney contains all of the following except: a.Bowman’s capsule |
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a.Epinephrine |
Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the sympathetic nervous system? a.Epinephrine |
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c. Iris |
The colored part of the eye is the: |
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c.In the middle ear |
The auditory ossicles are located: a.In the cochlea |
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a.Pituitary |
ADH (vasopressin) causes water reabsorption and is released by which gland? |
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c. Dog |
Which of the following has a prostate but no bulbourethral gland? |
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c.Stratum granulosum |
Which of the following layers of skin contains “waterproofing” cells? a.Stratum corneum |
