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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis?
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Regulation of body temp, pressure, sugar, fluids
Feedback mechanisms Maintain stable internal environment |
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Body Cavities
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Dorsal- cranial(meninges) and vertebral
Ventral- Thoracic- right/left pleural, pericardial, abdominopelvic- abdominal and pelvic |
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colloid
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stable suspension of large molecules (sugar/proteins) No real colloid in human body dt temperature
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Protoplasm- percentages
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In living organisms: C-18 H-10, O-65, N-3
Average in human body- C-10, H-63, O-26, N-1.4 |
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Osmoles
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=molex x #of particles
example: one mol of NaCl= 2 osmoles |
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Cytoskeleton- Four types of Internal Protein
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1. Microfil-actin (stren&move)
2.interm fil- myosin 3. thick fil- bundles of myosin 4. Microtub- tubulin- strength and rigidity to spindles and centrioles. |
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Lipid comp. of cell membran
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1. phospholipid bilayer- polar head (phos) non plar tails seldom flip flop
2. glycolips- cell recog and commun, attached-toxins 3. cholesterol- stiff rings, decrease flex, increase strength |
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Protein Comp. of cell mem
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Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, integral, peripheral
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Gen of ATP- Phosphorylation
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Addition of phosphate grp and it raises energy level of molecule.
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Oxidative Phosp
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electrons are remoed from organic compounds usually by NAD+ and passed thru series of electron acceptors tooxygen or other inorganic molecules.
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cofactors
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ions which bind to enzyme to complete the active site for binding to the substrate.
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Coenzyme
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nonmprotein organic molecule used to complete active site
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triglyceride
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1 glycerol +3 FA
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Beta Oxidation
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series of rxn in which 2c units are removed from the FA chain and later combined with CoA for Kreb cycle
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St. squamous
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many layers, named bec of cell surface, basal layers mitotic activity, mourishment from underlying ct bv
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St. squamouse- fxn location
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keratinized- waterproofing skin
nonkeratin- moist, esop, vagina |
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St. columnar
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multilayered column, secretion male ureth, mam gland
protection- conjuntiva |
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Pseudostratified
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appears multilayered nuclei at diff levels unequal distribution
protection- lining air pass. larynx sinus, nasal cavity |
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Connective tissue
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Most abund and widely dist of primary tissues
Supports, connect,prtects, fills spaces, provides framework, produces blood cells, helps repair tissues and fight infection |
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Connective tissue fibers
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1. collagenous- thick white threadlike prtein (collagen) found mainly in dense ct- tensile strength. Found in fibrous ct- tendons, ligaments, eyes, skin
Elastic fibers- walls of hollow organs Reticular fibers- supporting networks- liver, spleen |
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Types of ct
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loose (areolar) thin, binds organs together, beneath skin and btwn muscles
dense fibrous- regand irreg |
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Carilage
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provedes support and framework for various parts
1. Hyaline- most widespread 2. Elastic- abd yellow fibers 3. fibrocart- bundles of white fibers (collagen) intervertebral discs growth |
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bone
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intercellular matrix of bone contains mineral salts (2/3) and collagen (1/3) compact and spongy
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blood
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consists of cells suspended in fluid
plasma cells, blood cells |
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Reticuloendothelial tissue
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consists of variet of phagocytic cells dist. in body organs.
cellular defense of body against invasion of microorganisms |
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Muscle tissue- contractile- moves parts attached to it
Skeletal |
voluntary- conscious control, threadlike fibers, alternating bands, striated
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smooth
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tissue found in walls of hollow internal organs, invol fibers and eyes
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cardiac
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heart, inter discs made of desmosomes and gap allow for comm No repair b/c lack of satellite cells, involuntary
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nerve
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located in brain spinal and peri nerves. function in coordinating and regulating body activites- primary form of communication
PNS- Schwann |
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Membranes of the body
serous |
serous mem line the body cavities that lack openings to the outside. Consist of a layer of simple squamous epi. covering a thin layer of l ct which secreteres serous fluid for lub mem surf
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Integumentary system
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composed of epidermis and dermis and a sub. layer beneath
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Types of cells located in epidermis?
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1. keratinocytes- resp for structural strength and imperm
2 melanocytes- 800-2000 skin color and regional difference 3 langerhans -phagocytes 4 Merkels disc- tactile receptor |
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Stratum Germinativum (basale)
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1-2 layers- cuboidal large stem cells, highly mitotic, 30-45 days for replacement. Merkel cells: fine or light touch
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Stratum Spinosum
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8-10 cells thick "spiny) Langerhans- denfense vs micro and skin cancer. Keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
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stratum granulosum
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3-5 layers of keratinocytes "grainy layer" large quant of keratohyalin- promotes dehydration
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Lucidum
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3-5 layers of flattened cells- present in palms. Densely packed filled with eleidin
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Stratum Corneum
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cornification- 25-30 layers of flat scale-like cells that form a waterproof layer. Kera occurs everywhere on exposed skin. 15-30 days to move from germ to corn
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Dermis
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layer of largely fibrous ct that binds the epidermis to underlying tissues. contains muscle fibers, bv and nerve fibers. Dermal bv supply nut to skin cells and reg body temp
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Layers of Dermis
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1. Papillary- ordinary loose ct, elastic fivers, exten cap network provieds nourish for epi and produces ridges in ep giving rise to prints
2. reticular layer- dense irregular |
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subcutaneous layer
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composed of lct and adipose. Adipose- conserve body heat. layer conatains bv that supply skin. young skin elastic- older less elastic- wrinkles
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Structure of hair follicle
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1. Papilla- cap and projection at end of tube for nourishment of rapid cell division
2. cortex- contains cuticle and elongated layer of cells with pigment and keratin 3. medulla- central cavity |
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Sebaceous glands
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secrete sebum which helps keep skin and hair soft and waterproof. Secreted into hair follicles thru short ducts
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Sweat glands
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located in nearly all regions of skin- each gland consists of coiled tube. Apocrine glands respond to emo stress (axillary) Eccrine respond to elevated body temp
Sweat primarily water, also contains salt and waste products |
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Major cell in cartilage
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chondrocyte, "cartilage cell" in lacunae dense non cellular matrix with major fibers, organic
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Carilage membrane?
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perichondium (contains bv)
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Cartilage information
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lacks bv and nerves, nutrients reach cells and wastes move by diffusion thru matrix(low to heal)
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Cartilage structure
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chondoblast located in lacuna, cluster of chondrocytes is an isogenic nest. matrix pushes apart.
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Functions of cartilage
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provides support and framework for various parts
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Hyalin
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most widespread, clear glassy matrix, white fibbers(collagen and a lil elast) covers ends of bones in joints CANT
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Elastic cartilage
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yellow fivers ELA
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Fibrocart.
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bundles of white fibers (collagen) intervertebral discs
Growth Appositional- fxn of perichondrium- wrapping INterstitial- added btw lacunae |
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Function of muscle tissue?
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contation, movement, heat pressure movement of blood
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skeletal muscle
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voluntary, long threadlike fibers, multinucleated, alternating bands, striated, sarcolemma- membrane of muscle cell cannot divide but can repair via satellite cells tied together by lct
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smooth muscle
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tissue found in walls of hollow internal organs, involuntary fibers, in eyes. Single nucleous- can divide therefore can repair Nonstriated involuntary muscle
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Cardiac
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heart- cells joined by intercalated discs and arranged in branched, interconnecting networks, involuntary, no repair b/c no satellite cells, not nervous system dependent
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Dermis layers
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1. Papillary- lct, elastic fibers, extensive cap. network provides nourishment for epi and produces ridges- prints
2. Reticular- dense irregular |
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Subcutaneous layer compositions?
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lct (c&e) and adipose tissue- helps conserve body heat. this layer contains bv that supply skin
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Pigments
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1.carotene- st.corneum, fat in dermis
2 melanin- melanocytes, melanin localized around nucleus |
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Hair follicles: characteristics?
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1. hair in nearly all regions of skin
2. as newly formed cells develop and grow, older cells pushed toward surgace and undergo keratin. 3. each hair develops from epidermal cells at base of tube like hair follicle 4. hair color determened by type and amnt of pigment 6. A bundle of smooth muscle cells (arrector pilli) and one or more sebaceous glands are attached to each hair follicle |
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structure of follicle?
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1. papilla- cap and projection at end of tube for nourishment of rapid cell division
2. cortex- contains cuticle and elongated laer of cells with pigment and keratin 3. medualla- central cavity sometimes not present |
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sebaceous glands
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secrete sebum- skin hair soft and waterproof secreted into hair follicles thru short ducts
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sweat glands- location, types, structure?
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located in nearly all regions of skin, each gland consists of coiled tube, aprocrine- emotional stress..axillry- interact w/bacteria:odor Eccrine glands- respond to elevated body temp
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Free nerve endings
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pain and fine touch- dermis
Nociception (pain) (no myelin) |
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Merkels disc
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fine touch- epidermis (no myelin)
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Meissner
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tactice corpuscle- fine touch dermis/papillary action potential, lips eyelids fingertips
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Krause
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cold and crude- dermis and hypo
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Ruffini
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hot and crude- dermis and hypo
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Pacinian
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pressure- hypo and subQ
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Function of skin: protection
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Physicals
40-60 days slough bacterial dehydration UV light Serum fats, cholest. protein Keratinocytes 90% Melanocytes 8% |
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skin: excretion
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salts and compounds sweat sebum
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skin- immunity
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Lanterhans Helper T
early damage by UV Hydrocortisone- decrease inflamation |
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skin: blood reservoir
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body temp via rad/evap
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Skin synthesis
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Vit D- uses small amnts of UV light melanin keratin
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skin- absorption
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abs of O2 CO2, steroid horomones, alkaline fat soluable vitamins
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skin- homeostasis
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regulaiton of body temp Thermoregulation
Pathology |
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Regulation of body temp
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vital b/c heat affect rates of metabolic rxn Normal temp 37c
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convection
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contin circulation of air over a warm surface
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heat loss and muscles?
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skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily- increases cellular respiration and produces additional heat
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Tylenol
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inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins and thus allows for a reset of hypothalamus
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Exocrine: unicellular
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a single secretory cell- Goblet cell
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Multicellular simple-
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gland consisting of many cells galnds communicate with surface by means of unbranched ducts
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Multicellular- simple tubular
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straight tube like gland that opens diretly onto surface, short duct- intestinal glands
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Multicellular- Simple coiled tubular
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long coiled tube like gland long duct- eccrine glands
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simple branched
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secretory portions of gland expand into saclike compartments- sebaceious glands
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compound exocrine
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glands comm with surface by means of branched ducts- mucous and salivary
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