Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Paramecium

Back 1

a unicellular organism

Front 2

types of tissues (4)

Back 2

epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue; nervous tissue; all 4 tissue types can be found in most organs

Front 3

epithelial tissue

Back 3

covers and lines

Front 4

connective tissue

Back 4

provides support

Front 5

muscle tissue

Back 5

enables movement

Front 6

nervous tissue

Back 6

controls work

Front 7

histology/ microanatomy

Back 7

study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs

Front 8

gross anatomy

Back 8

study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye, and includes learning the names and locations of bones, muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves

Front 9

glandular epithelia

Back 9

epithelia that engage in the manufacture and release of substances

Front 10

goblet cells

Back 10

type of cell, located in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, that secretes mucus

Front 11

excretions

Back 11

substances that ultimately leave the body (sweat, urine and feces)

Front 12

apical surface

Back 12

the side of the cell that faces the lumen or body cavity

Front 13

basal surface

Back 13

the side of the cell that faces the underlying connective tissue

Front 14

lumen

Back 14

the opening in the middle of the intestinal tract or any hollow organ

Front 15

junctional complexes

Back 15

the point at which epithelial cells join to one another in very close proximity

Front 16

avascular

Back 16

without a blood supply

Front 17

innervated

Back 17

having a nerve supply

Front 18

tight junction

Back 18

formed by the fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells

Front 19

desmosome

Back 19

a strong, welded plaque or thickening, which connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells

Front 20

plaque

Back 20

a flat, thickened site present in the desmosomes of the epithelial tissue

Front 21

intermediate filaments/ tonofilaments

Back 21

thin filaments that provide the structural support for certain membrane junctions- especially important in tissue that needs to flex

Front 22

hemidesmosomes

Back 22

junctions that look like half of a desmosom- they link epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Front 23

connexons

Back 23

proteinaceous channel that aids in the intercellular transport of nutrients

Front 24

basement membrane

Back 24

foundation of the epithelial cell- it is a nonliving meshwork of fibers that cements the epithelial cell to the underlying connective tissue

Front 25

microvilli

Back 25

fingerlike protrusions of the luminal surface of some epithelial cell membranes that increase the cell's exposed surface area

Front 26

cilia

Back 26

hairlike processes of the luminal surface of cells that assist in the movement of mucus, fluids, and solid material across the cell surface.

Front 27

brush border

Back 27

surface of a cell covered with microvilli

Front 28

keratin

Back 28

a protective, waterproof substance that fills the epithelia cells of the skin

Front 29

simple epithelia

Back 29

single layer of cells that provide little protection to the underlying connective tissue and therefore are found in protected areas of the body (ducts, vessels, and passageways)

Front 30

stratified epithelia

Back 30

thicker and stronger and are found in areas of the body that are subjected to mechanical and chemical stress (have more than one layer of cells)

Front 31

stratified squamos epithelium

Back 31

epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers of flat squamos cells; found in the vagina, mouth, and anus; possess the ability to regenerate rapidly

Front 32

cuboidal cells

Back 32

cube-shaped cells having centrally located nuclei

Front 33

squamos cells

Back 33

flat, hexagonal cells that make up squamos epithelia

Front 34

keratinized stratified squamos epithelium

Back 34

the epithelial classification of the epidermis. it is highly regenerative and waterproof, thereby helping the body to retain moisture and thermoregulate

Front 35

simple squamos epithelia

Back 35

delicate and thin, are often found lining surfaces involved in the passage of gas or liquid (lining of blood and lymphatic vessels)

Front 36

mesothelium

Back 36

epithelium that lines the pleural (chest), pericardial (around the heart) and the peritoneal (abdominal) cavities

Front 37

endothelium

Back 37

epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels

Front 38

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 38

composed of a single layer of cubical cells; provides little protection from abrasion; occurs where secretion and absorption take place (lining of the ducts of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and salivary glands)

Front 39

simple columnar epithelia

Back 39

elongated and closely packed together, making epithelia relatively thick and more protective; nuclei not centrally located; line the length of the GI tract from stomach to rectum

Front 40

excretory ducts

Back 40

ducts that transport waste products or secretions out of an organ or gland

Front 41

absorptive cell

Back 41

a cell commonly found in the small intestine that can absorb nutrients from the luminal surface via pahgocystosis and pinocytosis; have large surface area due to microvilli

Front 42

goblet cell

Back 42

manufacture and store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surfaces of the epithelia

Front 43

simple ciliated columnar epithelia

Back 43

single-layered columnar epithelium found in the stomach and intestines because of its ability to absorb and secrete

Front 44

stratified squamos epithelium

Back 44

consists of various cell layers; occurs in regions of the body that are subject to mechanical and chemical stresses (lining of the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum)

Front 45

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 45

occurs as two layers of cuboidal cells and if found primarily along large excretory ducts (sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands)

Front 46

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 46

epithelial layer that is not truly stratified; appear to be stratified because the nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue layer

Front 47

immunoglobulins

Back 47

disease fighting molecules that help protect animals from pathogens that have been inhaled

Front 48

pathogens

Back 48

bacteria and viruses

Front 49

transitional epithelium

Back 49

ability to stretch; found in regions of the body that are required to expand and contract as part of their normal function (urinary bladder, ureters, urethra and calyxes of the kidney)

Front 50

secretions

Back 50

specialized protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the golgi apparatus and discharged from the cell

Front 51

endocrine glands

Back 51

glands that do not have ducts or tubules and whose secretions are distributed throughout the body (pituitary gland, adrenal gland)

Front 52

hormones

Back 52

regulatory chemicals produced by endocrine glands

Front 53

exocrine glands

Back 53

possess ducts (except the goblet cell) more common than endocrine glands; act by discharging secretions via their ducts directly into nearby areas where they may cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities

Front 54

unicellular exocrine gland

Back 54

ductless goblet cell; modified columnar epithelial cell and is found interspersed among the columnar cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts and the conjunctiva of the eyes

Front 55

mucin

Back 55

thick sticky mixture of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that when mixed with water becomes mucus

Front 56

secretory unit

Back 56

which secretions are produced by secretory cells and a duct that carries the secretion to the deposition site

Front 57

myoepithelial cells

Back 57

assist with the discharge of secretions into the glandular duct

Front 58

simple gland

Back 58

unbranched main duct

Front 59

compound gland

Back 59

main duct is branched

Front 60

tubular gland

Back 60

secretory cells form a long channel of even width

Front 61

alveolar gland

Back 61

rounded sac

Front 62

tubuloacinar

Back 62

possess both tubular and alveolar qualities

Front 63

merocrine glands

Back 63

a gland whose secretions contain none of its cells, thus leaving the gland cells intact. (salivary and sweat glands)

Front 64

apocrine glands

Back 64

a gland whose secretions contain some of its cellular material. part of the secretory cell is destroyed and must regenerate before the cell can secrete again. (mammary glands and some sweat glands)

Front 65

holocrine glands

Back 65

a gland whose granular secretions contain not only the secretory product but also the cells themselves. holocrine gland cells are destroyed in the process secretion (sebaceous gland)

Front 66

sebaceous glands

Back 66

simple holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum through the hair follicle

Front 67

serous secretions

Back 67

a membrane that lines a serous cavity, such as the thorax or abdomen. serous fluid produced by serous membranes helps lubricate organs

Front 68

mucous secretions

Back 68

viscous secretions composed mostly of glycoproteins

Front 69

mixed exocrine glands

Back 69

exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, that can produce both mucous and serous secretions

Front 70

mesoderm

Back 70

the middle layer of fetal body tissue. located between the outer layer (ectoderm) and the inner layer (endoderm), the mesoderm gives rise to all connective and muscle tissues

Front 71

vascularized

Back 71

region of the body supplied with a blood source via blood vessels

Front 72

adipose connective tissue

Back 72

a subclass of connective tissue proper, adipose connective tissue is a vasularized type of connective tissue whose general functions are to protect, insulate, and provide a major source of energy to the body

Front 73

extracellular fibers

Back 73

the fibers of connective tissue located outside of the cells that perform a variety of functions depending on the degree of their elasticity or concentration

Front 74

extracellular matrix

Back 74

the nonliving substance found between cells that provides support and nourishment

Front 75

ground substance

Back 75

the shapeless, viscous matrix present in connective tissue in which cells receive nutrients and void waste products. also helps protect the body from infectious agents by acting as a barrier

Front 76

glycosamineoglycans (GAGs)

Back 76

carbohydrates composed of amino sugars, which are found in proteoglycans

Front 77

collagenous fibers

Back 77

a structural protein that is commonly located in tendons and ligaments

Front 78

reticular fibers

Back 78

extremely fine fibers in reticular connective tissue

Front 79

elastic fibers

Back 79

fibers composed of clastin. elastic fibers form a delicate mesh in tissues

Front 80

fixed cell

Back 80

one of the two subdivisions of connective tissue cells. fixed cells are stationary within the connective tissue and perform functions such as matrix production and regulation

Front 81

fibroblast

Back 81

fixed cell involved in the development of connective tissue. fibroblasts can differentiate into chondroblasts and osteoblasts to create substances specific to their cell type

Front 82

chondroblasts

Back 82

fixed cells that form cartilage

Front 83

osteoblasts

Back 83

the cells that produce bone. they develop from cartilage cells and mature into bone-producing cells

Front 84

adopise cells/ adipocytes

Back 84

a type of fixed cell in the connective tissue that stores fat (lipids) in its cytoplasm. the nucleus and other organelles are pushed to the periphery of the cel

Front 85

reticular cells

Back 85

phagocytic cells of reticular connective tissue. reticular cells are particularly important in lymphatic and myeloid tissue

Front 86

leukocytes

Back 86

white blood cells

Front 87

diapedesis

Back 87

the process by which white blood cells leave the blood vessel and enter tissue by squeezing through the tiny spaces between the cells lining the blood vessel wall

Front 88

mast cells

Back 88

a transient cell of connective tissue containing heparin and histamine used in the inflammatory response. mast cells recognize foreign invaders and release granules of histamine and heparin to increase blood flow. they resemble basophils but they do not circulate blood

Front 89

macrophages

Back 89

phagocytic cells that can engulf relatively large cells or bits of debris. they may be fixed in place, or they may travel around in the tissues. mature macrophages may become more mobile during times of infection and inflammation

Front 90

connective tissue proper

Back 90

includes all types of connective tissue except for bone, blood, and cartilage. connective tissue proper is divided into 2 subclasses: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Front 91

specialized connective tissue

Back 91

tissue including bone, blood and cartilage. specialized connective tissue may be subdivided into supportive connective tissue (bone and cartilage) and vascular connective tissue (blood)

Front 92

loose connective tissue

Back 92

a subclass of connective tissue proper, loose connective is a vascularized type of connective tissue whose general function is to support the structures it surrounds. includes areolar, adipose and reticular connective tissue

Front 93

dense connective tissue

Back 93

a highly fibrous connective tissue with little vascularization. functions to reinforce and bind body structures (2 types, dense reg and dense irreg)

Front 94

areolar connective tissue

Back 94

a soft, spongy connective tissue, also known as loose connective tissue. located throughout the body and is composed of a soft ground substance, numerous cell types and all 3 types of fibers

Front 95

hyaluronic acid

Back 95

a small protein containing no sulfate that acts as an intercellular material present in the zonula adherens. important in the formation of tight junctions

Front 96

hyaluronidase

Back 96

an enzyme contained within white blood cells or infectious bacteria that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid

Front 97

edema

Back 97

during trauma or other pathological states, the spaces in loose connective tissue can fill with an excessive amount of body fluid

Front 98

pitting edema

Back 98

the condition in which dents are left behind in edematous tissue when pressed firmly

Front 99

white adipose tissue

Back 99

white fat; found commonly throughout the body. it is used for thermoregulation, protection, and support of the body and its organs. also a storage compartment for lipids. highly vascularized so that the lipids contained within can be readily converted to energy via triglyceride metabolism

Front 100

brown adipose tissue

Back 100

brown fat; commonly found throughout the body of hibernating species and neonates. specialized form of adipose tissue that releases its stored lipid reserves in the form of heat. high degree of vascularization and concentration of mitochondria found in brown adipose tissue

Front 101

reticular connective tissue

Back 101

composed of a complex 3d network of thin reticular fibers. loosely arranged fibers and many fibroblasts

Front 102

dense fibrous connective tissue

Back 102

characterized by its densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers; 4 types- dense reg, dense irreg, dense fibrous, and elastic

Front 103

dense regular connective tissue

Back 103

composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers; fibers lie in the direction of the force that is exerted on them, tremendous tensile strength but only in one direction; makes up tendons

Front 104

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 104

composed primarily of collagen fibers that are arranged in thicker bundles than those found in dense regular connective tissue; fibers are interwoven randomly; found in the dermis and fibrous coverings of the kidney, testes, liver, and spleen

Front 105

elastic connective tissue

Back 105

dense connective tissue that is primarily composed of elastic fibers rather than collagen fibers (ligaments, walls of arteries, stomach, large airways, bladder and regions of the heart)

Front 106

cartilage

Back 106

tough specialized connective tissue; more rigid than dense connective tissue but is more flexible than bone; does not contain nerves; found in joints, ear, nose and vocal cords as well as forming a vital framework for growing animals; avascular

Front 107

chondrocytes

Back 107

cells that compose cartilage; live in hollowed out pockets in the matrix called lucanae

Front 108

perichondrium

Back 108

cartilage receives its nutrients from here; rich with tiny blood vessels

Front 109

hyaline cartilage

Back 109

most common type of cartilage; composed of closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone.

Front 110

elastic cartilage

Back 110

similar to hyaline cartilage but contains a plethora of elastic fibers when form dense branching bundles that appear black miscroscopically; found in epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of animals

Front 111

fibrocartilage

Back 111

usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; has thick bundles of collagen fibers but fewer chondrocytes and lacks a perichondrium; found in spaces between vertebrae, between bones in the pelvic girdle and in the knee joint

Front 112

plasma

Back 112

liquid component of blood

Front 113

mucous membranes/ mucosae

Back 113

characterized by their position in the body (always found lining the organs that have connections to the outside environment) mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, colon, nasal passages, trachea, bladder and uterus

Front 114

lamina propria

Back 114

layer of loose connective tissue in mucosae

Front 115

submucosa

Back 115

connective tissue layer in mucosae connects the mucosa to underlying structures

Front 116

serous membranes/ serosae

Back 116

like the walls and cover the organs that fill closed body cavities (chest and abdominal cavities); continuous sheet that is doubled over to form 2 layers with a narrow space in between them

Front 117

cutaneous membrane/ integument

Back 117

an organ that is perpetually exposed to the outside and therefore possesses unique features that distinguish it from other membrane types (skin)

Front 118

synovial membranes

Back 118

line the cavities of joines; have no epithelium; composed exclusively of connective tissue; smooth shiny and white; manufactures synovial fluid

Front 119

skeletal muscle

Back 119

contains numerous large cells that may be a foot or more in length; contain hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria needed to maintain cellular homestasis; controlled through a conscious effort (voluntary muscle) ; striated muscle

Front 120

smooth muscle

Back 120

composed of small, spindle shaped cells that lack striations or bands and therefore appear smooth; cannot be consciously controlled; nonstriated voluntary muscle

Front 121

cardiac muscle

Back 121

exists on in the heart and possesses the ability to contract even when neural input has been altered; cells are relatively small and contain only one nucleus; branches to form complex network, involuntary striated tissue

Front 122

neurons/ neural tissue

Back 122

longest cells in the body, can be up to 1 meter in length; designed to receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body; found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves; composed of 3 parts- perikaryon; dendrites; axon

Front 123

neurological cells

Back 123

found in greater numbers than neural tissue; serve to support neurons; function to isolate the conductive membranes, others provide a supportive framework that helps bind the components of neural tissue together

Front 124

inflammatory process

Back 124

1) vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
2) fluid from plasma pours into affected area (causes swelling)
3) clot formation
4) large cells like macrophages and neutrophils move through blood vessels and squeeze through dilated capillaries to assist in the removal of debris
5) histamine and heparin are dispersed and their levels drop in the affected area

Front 125

granulation tissue

Back 125

forms beneath overlaying blood clot or scab; composed of a layer of collagen fibers that has been manufactured by fibroblasts; produces bacterium- inhibiting substances which make it highly resistant to infection

Front 126

epithelialization

Back 126

epithelial cells around the wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of epithelial tissue over the granulation tissue

Front 127

first-intention healing

Back 127

skin forms a primary union without the formation of granulation tissue or significant scarring

Front 128

second-intention healing

Back 128

occurs in wounds in which the edges are separated from one another, in which granulation tissue forms to close the gap and in which scarring results