Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

What are the components of the Scientific Method?

Back 1

* Observation
* Hypothesizing
* Expirimentation

Front 2

Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy refers to:

Back 2

Large body STRUCTURES observed with the naked eye

Front 3

Regional anatomy refers to:

Back 3

all structures in a specific part of the body

Front 4

Systemic anatomy refers to:

Back 4

structures by systems. ex: skeletal would study bones

Front 5

Surface anatomy refers to:

Back 5

study of internal structures as they can be recognized by the overlying skin surface

Front 6

Cytology

Back 6

study of cells

Front 7

Histology

Back 7

Study of tissues

Front 8

Physiology

Back 8

Study of function

Front 9

Three embryonic germ layers?

Back 9

1. Ectoderm - outermost
2. Mesoderm - middle
3. Endoderm - inner

Front 10

Ectoderm

Back 10

Outermost germ layer develops into nervous system, pituitary gland, and outer most skin

Front 11

Mesoderm

Back 11

Middle germ layer develops into muscles, connective tissue, ovaries, testes and dermis

Front 12

Endoderm

Back 12

Inner germ layer develops into linings of digestive system, thyroid gland, thymus gland, pancreas and liver

Front 13

derm-

Back 13

skin

Front 14

Germ layer

Back 14

one of the primary layers of an embryo from which the definitive tissues and organs develop

Front 15

Smallest level of organization in an organism

Back 15

Atom

Front 16

Metabolism

Back 16

All chemical reactions within the body

Front 17

Catabolism

Back 17

breaking bonds

Front 18

Anabolism

Back 18

building bonds

Front 19

Aerobic Respiration

Back 19

utilization of stored chemical bond energy to allow cells to do work, taking in O2 and giving off CO2

Front 20

Anaerobic

Back 20

does not utilize O2

Front 21

Absorption

Back 21

Movement of a substance through an epithelial mucous membrane or through a cutaneous keratinized membrane of the skin

Front 22

Assimilation

Back 22

incorporation of absorbed molecules by cells into a different form

Front 23

Hyperplasia

Back 23

Increase in cell number

Front 24

Hypertrophy

Back 24

Increase in cell size

Front 25

Homeostasis

Back 25

Physiological state of balance within and between body systems

Front 26

Five needs of Organisms

Back 26

1. Water
2. Food
3. O2
4. Heat
5. Pressure

Front 27

Pressure

Back 27

Application of force on some structure, for example: atmospheric=air pressure, hydrostatic=water pressure

Front 28

Diffusion

Back 28

Substance moves from regions of high concentration to regions of low

Front 29

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 29

where membrane protiens assist substance across membrane.

Front 30

Osmosis

Back 30

diffusion of solvent through cell membrane (ex. water)

Front 31

The cell membrane contains more _______ by weight.

Back 31

Protein

Front 32

In order from largest to smallest, the makeup by weight of the cell membrane:

Back 32

protein, lipid, carbohydrate

Front 33

By volume, much more of the cell membrane is _______

Back 33

lipid

Front 34

________ is less dense than protein, thus there is more protein by weight in the cell membrane.

Back 34

Lipid

Front 35

Integral Proteins

Back 35

Involved in channel formation and movement within membrane

Front 36

Peripheral Proteins

Back 36

Receptors and Identification on outside of cell membrane

Front 37

Lipids making up cell membrane

Back 37

Fat, phospholipid and cholesterol primarily

Front 38

Carbohydrates

Back 38

Sugars and starches

Front 39

Glycoproteins

Back 39

Carbohydrate molecules attached to proteins on the outer surface of the cellular membrane and "mark" the cell as part of a particular tissue or organ

Front 40

The makeup of the cytoplasm

Back 40

Semifluid with inclusions and suspensions

Front 41

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 41

Two types inside cytoplasm, rough and smooth

Front 42

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 42

Marked with ribosomes, which manufactore proteins

Front 43

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 43

Lack ribosomes, contain enzymes important in lipid synthesis, absorption of fats, and metabolism of drugs

Front 44

Ribosomes

Back 44

Site of protein synthesis

Front 45

Golgi apparatus

Back 45

flattened sacs, packagees protein molecules produced in Rough ER for transport/secretion

Front 46

Mitochondrion

Back 46

membranous sacs with inner partition, release energy from nutrient molecules and turn them into usable form

Front 47

The Powerhouse of the cell

Back 47

Mitochondrion

Front 48

Lysosomes

Back 48

Digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells

Front 49

Centrosome

Back 49

rod like structures that distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

Front 50

Cilia

Back 50

propel fluid over cellular surfaces

Front 51

Flagella

Back 51

enable sperm to move

Front 52

Pseudopodia

Back 52

False feet

Front 53

Vesicles

Back 53

Contain and transport substances

Front 54

Microfilaments and Microtubules

Back 54

thin rods and tubules that support cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles

Front 55

Nuclear Envelope

Back 55

double membrane around nucleus that maintains it integrity

Front 56

Nucleolus

Back 56

dense nonmembranous body made of protein and RNA, site of ribosome synthesis

Front 57

Chroma

Back 57

color

Front 58

Chromatin

Back 58

composed of protein and DNA, seen in cells not dividing as grainy material.

Front 59

DNA is seen in dividing cells as:

Back 59

chromosomes

Front 60

Mitosis or Karyokinesis

Back 60

nuclear division

Front 61

Cytokinesis

Back 61

cytoplasmic division

Front 62

Mitosis or Karyokinesis + cytokinesis =

Back 62

Cell division

Front 63

Apoptosis

Back 63

cell death

Front 64

Enzymes

Back 64

Biocatalyst, makes reaction occur faster without being consumed

Front 65

Substrates

Back 65

particular chemical that can only be acted on by particular enzymes

Front 66

Four types of tissues

Back 66

epithelium, connective, muscle, nerve

Front 67

Epithelium tissue locations

Back 67

Body surfaces, lining of resp/digestive tracts, body cavities, hollow organ, glands

Front 68

Two types of glandular epithelium

Back 68

Exocrine and endocrine

Front 69

-crine

Back 69

secrete

Front 70

Exocrine epithelium

Back 70

secretes into ducts

Front 71

Endocrine epithelium

Back 71

no ducts, secrete directly into bloodstream, creates hormones

Front 72

Functions of epithelium

Back 72

protection, absorption, secretion, excretion

Front 73

simple squamous epithelium

Back 73

Flat cells, serous membranes with fried egg appearance

Front 74

_______ houses genetic material and controls cellular activities

Back 74

nucleus

Front 75

Perform specific functions, dividing labor of cell

Back 75

Organnelles

Front 76

Composed mainly of lipids, proteins, and a small number of carbohydrates

Back 76

Cell membrane

Front 77

Cell membrane bilayer is impermeable to ______

Back 77

water soluble molecules

Front 78

A cell membrane includes a few kinds of lipid molecules but many kinds of _________

Back 78

proteins

Front 79

Examples of functions of cell membrane proteins

Back 79

Receptors to bind hormones or growth factors, transport of ions or molecules across membrane, selective channels

Front 80

carbohydrates may attach to proteins on outer surface of membrane to form _______

Back 80

glycoproteins

Front 81

Mark the cell as part of a particular tissue or organ in a particular person

Back 81

glycoproteins

Front 82

The system of protein rods and tubules within the cytoplasm

Back 82

cytoskeleton

Front 83

provides a vast tubular network that transports molecules from one cell part to another

Back 83

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 84

Participates in the synthsis of protein and lipid molecules

Back 84

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 85

Give rough ER the textured appearance

Back 85

Ribosomes

Front 86

Sites of protein synthesis, exist independently in cytoplasm and associated with ER

Back 86

ribosomes

Front 87

Contains enzymes important in lipid synthesis, absorption of fats from digestive tract, and metabolism of drugs

Back 87

Smooth ER

Front 88

Ribosomes are composed of

Back 88

protein and RNA molecules

Front 89

This organelle refines, packages, and delivers proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with ER

Back 89

Golgi apparatus

Front 90

Major sites of chemical reactions that transform energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a chemical the cell can use

Back 90

Mitochondria

Front 91

Powerhouse of the cell

Back 91

Mitochondria

Front 92

Garbage disposals of the cell

Back 92

Lysosomes

Front 93

During mitosis, they deliver chromsomes to newly forming cells

Back 93

Centrosome

Front 94

tiny, hairlike structures that move fluid over the cell

Back 94

Cilia

Front 95

Seen only on sperm as the tail, moves cell

Back 95

Flagella

Front 96

small, dense body composed largely of RNA and protein, ribosome formed inside then migrate to cytoplasm

Back 96

Nucleolus

Front 97

Consists of loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein called chromosomes

Back 97

Chromatin

Front 98

Loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein

Back 98

chromosomes

Front 99

Process of molecules or particles too large to enter cell through diffusion or active transport being conveyed within a vesicle

Back 99

Endocytosis

Front 100

Process of secreting a substance stored in a vesicle from a cell

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Exocytosis

Front 101

Process of cells taking in tiny droplets of liquid from surrounding as cell membrane indents

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Pinocytosis

Front 102

Process of cell taking in solid as cell membrane indents

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Phagocytosis

Front 103

Process of taking in specific kinds of particles by those particles binding with proteins on outside of cell

Back 103

receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 104

Division of the nucleus

Back 104

Mitosis

Front 105

Division of the cytoplasm

Back 105

cytokinesis

Front 106

mitosis + cytokinesis =

Back 106

cell division

Front 107

Double layer, lipid membrane that houses nucleus

Back 107

Nuclear Envelope

Front 108

Form of cell death, normal part of development

Back 108

Apoptosis

Front 109

The buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones, requires energy

Back 109

Anabolism

Front 110

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, releases energy

Back 110

Catabolism

Front 111

Complex molecules, almost always proteins, promote chemical reactions within the cells by lowering the amount of energy

Back 111

Enzymes

Front 112

Each enzyme acts only on a particular chemical called its _______

Back 112

substrate

Front 113

Four types of tissue

Back 113

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Front 114

These tissues protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete

Back 114

Epithelial tissues

Front 115

These tissues bind, support, protect, fill, store fat, and produce blood cells

Back 115

Connective tissue

Front 116

Common site of diffusion and filtration, these cells are flat

Back 116

Simple Squamous epithelium

Front 117

Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into bodily fluids

Back 117

Glandular Epithelium

Front 118

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces

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Exocrine glands

Front 119

Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood

Back 119

Endocrine glands

Front 120

Six types of connective tissue

Back 120

Bone, Cartilage, Areolar(Loose), White fibrous, adipose, and blood

Front 121

This connective tissue forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body

Back 121

Loose or Areolar

Front 122

This connective tissue, also known as fat, is formed when certain cells store fat in their cytoplasm and enlarge

Back 122

Adipose

Front 123

This connective tissue is made of dense collagenous fibers. Ex. tendons/ligaments

Back 123

White fibrous, or dense connective tissue

Front 124

Most rigid connective tissue

Back 124

Bone

Front 125

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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Ligaments

Front 126

Dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bones

Back 126

tendons

Front 127

Two types of muscle functions

Back 127

voluntary or involuntary

Front 128

Tissues that are able to contract with specific stimuli

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Muscle tissues

Front 129

Two types of muscle tissue structures

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Striated and Smooth

Front 130

Central Nervous System includes

Back 130

Brain and spine

Front 131

All nerve locations besides brain and spine

Back 131

Peripheral nerves

Front 132

Connective tissue of the nervous systems

Back 132

Neuroglia

Front 133

Superior

Back 133

above

Front 134

Inferior

Back 134

below

Front 135

Ventral

Back 135

front

Front 136

Dorsal

Back 136

back

Front 137

Afferent

Back 137

going in

Front 138

Efferent

Back 138

coming out

Front 139

caudal

Back 139

tail

Front 140

ipsilateral

Back 140

same side

Front 141

contralateral

Back 141

opposite sides

Front 142

Acromial

Back 142

point of the shoulder

Front 143

antebrachium

Back 143

the forearm

Front 144

antecubital

Back 144

space in front of the elbow

Front 145

axillary

Back 145

armpit

Front 146

bracial

Back 146

arm

Front 147

buccal

Back 147

cheek