Anatomy And Physiology

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cell

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the basic structural unit of all plant and animals

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cell membrane

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also plasma membrane; the outer cover of a cell

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semipermeable

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able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through. Cell membranes are semipermeable

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cytoplasm

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thick fluid that fills a cell
also known as the protoplasm

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cytosol

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clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm in a cell

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cytoskeleton

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structure of protein filaments that supports the internal structure of a cell

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erythocyte

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red blood cell

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leukocyte

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white blood cell

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thrombocyte

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blood cell responsible for clotting; also called a platelet

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lymphocyte

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a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell, that attacks foreign substances as part of the body's immune response

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phagocyte

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a cell that has the ability to ingest other cells and substances such as bacteria and cell debris

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phagocytosis

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ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other substances by phagocytes

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monocyte

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white blood cell with a single nucleus; the largest normal blood cell

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granulocyte

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white cell with multiple nuclei that has the appearrance of a bag of granules

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cytokine

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protein produced by a white blood cell that instructs neighboring cells to respond in a genetically preprogrammed fashion

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cytotoxin

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substance that is poisonous to cells

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cytotoxic

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poisonous (toxic) to cells

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organelles

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structures that perform specific functions within a cell

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nucleus

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the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material; in the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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a high-energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells; when split by enzyme action it yields energy. Energy is stored in ATP

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of small channels that has both rough and smooth portions.

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Rough ER

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functions in the synthesis (building) of proteins

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Smooth ER

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functions in the synthesis of lipids, some of which are used in the formation of cell membranes, and carbohydrates.

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Golgi apparatus

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is located near the nucleus of most cells. It performs a cariety of functions including synthesis and packaging of secretions such as mucus and enzymes

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Mitochondria

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are the energy factories, sometimes called the "powerhouses" of the cells. they convert essential nutrients into energy sources, often in the form of ATP

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Lysosomes

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contain digestive enzymes. their functions include protection against disease and production of nutrients, breaking down bacteria and organic debris that has been taken into the cells and releasing usuable substances such as sugars and amino acids.

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Peroxisomes

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similar to lysosomes. Especially abundant in the liver, they absorb and neutralize toxins such as alcohol.

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Chromatin

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tangles of chromosome filaments containing DNA

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Ribosomes

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granular structures that manufacture proteins - some free float, other are attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, which creates the "rough" ER

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Vesicles

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play a role in transferring and storing secretions from the rough ER and the Golgi complex

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tissue

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a group of cells that perform a similar function

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epithelial tissue

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the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. Examples: skin, mucous membranes, the linign of the intestinal tract

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muscle tissue

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tisue that is capable of contraction when stimulated. there are 3 types of muscle tissue

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Cardiac muscle tissue

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is tissue found only within the heart. it has the capability of spontaneous contraction without external stimulation

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Smooth muscle tissue

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is the muscle found within the intestines and encircling blood vessels. smooth muscle is generally under the control of the involuntary, or autonomic, component of the nervous system

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Skeletal muscle tissue

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is the most abundant muscle type. it allows movement and is mostly under voluntary control

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connective tissue

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the most abundant body tissue; it provides support, connection, and insulation. Examples: bone, cartilage, fat, blood

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nerve tissue

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tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body

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organ

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a group of tissues functioning together. Examples: heart, liver, brain, ovary, eye

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organ system

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a group of organs that work together. Examples: the cardiovascular system, formed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood; the gastrointestinal system, comprisinf the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, rectum, and anus.

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organism

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the sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being.

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homestasis

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the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment

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anatomy

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the structure of an organism; body structure

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physiology

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the functions of an organism; the physical and chemical processes of a living thing

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metabolism

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the total changes that take place during physiological processes

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negative feedback loop

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body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process, (or reverse any physiological process, whether pathological or nonpathological)

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total body water (TBW)

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the total amount of water in the body at a given time

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intracellular fluid (ICF)

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the fluid inside the body cells

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extracellular fluid (ECF)

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the fluid outside the body cells. Extracellular is comprised of intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

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intravascular fluid

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the fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma

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interstitial fluid

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the fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system

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solvent

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a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution

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dehydration

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excessive loss of body fluid

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turgor

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normal tension in the cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation. (In a normally hydrated person, the skin when pinched, will quickly return to its normal formation. In a dehydrated person, the return to normal formation will be slower.)

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overhydration

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the presence of retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid

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electrolyte

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a substance that, in water, separates into electricaly charged particles

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dissociates

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separate; break down. for example: sodium bicarbonate, when placed in water, dissociates into a sodium cation and a bicarbonate anion

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ion

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a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positve or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons. (In an atom's normal, non-ionized state, its positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons balance each other so that the atom's charge is neutral.)

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cation

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an ion with a positive charge - so called because it will be attracted to a cathode, or negative pole

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anion

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an ion with a negative charge - so called because it will be attracted to an anode or positive pole.

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buffer

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a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balanceby increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions.

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isotonic

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equal in concentration of solute molecules; solution s may be isotonic to each other

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hypertonic

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having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypertonic to another

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hypotonic

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having a lesser concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypotonic to another

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osmotic gradient

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the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane

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diffusion

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the movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

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osmosis

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the movement of water from an area of higher WATER concentration to an area of lesser WATER concentration. Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of lower SOLUTE concentration to an area of higher SOLUTE concentration

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active transport

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movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal direction of diffusion

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facilitated diffusion

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diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper" or carrier protein

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osmotic pressure

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the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to "pull" water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane

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oncotic force

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a form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colliods, present in blood plasma. in the capillaries, the plasma colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary. oncotic force is also call colloid osmotic pressure

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hydrostatic pressure

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blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heart beat. Hydrostatic pressure tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space

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filtration

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movment of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space

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net filtration

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the total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary is balanced by oncotic force pulling water into the capillary for a net filtration of zero

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pH

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abbreviation for potential of hydrogen. a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity.
since the pH scale is inverse to the concentration of acidic hydrogen ions, the lower the pH the greater the acidity and the higher the pH the greater the alkalinity. A normal pH range is 7.35 to 7.45

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acidosis

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a high concentration of hydrogens ions; a pH below 7.35

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alkalosis

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a low concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above 7.45