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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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Structure of our bodies
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Physiology
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study of body functions
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Major Characteristics of life
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maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness/irritability, metabolism, digestion, excretion, growth, reproduction
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Atomic number
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number of protons
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Mass Number
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protons plus neutrons
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Saturated fatty acids
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have single carbon bonds, with each end attached to maximum number of H atoms
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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have double carbon bonds and are not completely saturated with H atoms
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Mitosis
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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Four major types of tissues
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
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covers and lines cavities and surfaces, always has one free surface, contains no blood vessels, has basement membrane
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Basement Membrane
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supports, nourishes, anchors, filters
composed of basal lamina- acts as selective filter between blood and ET Reticular lamina- made up of fine network of collagen fibers |
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Classifications of Epithelial tissue
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Shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Number of cell layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
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Endocrine glands
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secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secreting cell
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Exocrine glands
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secrete their products into ducts
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Merocrine glands
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secrete by exocytosis
cell isn't damaged most common type of gland cells in body |
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Apocrine glands
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accumulate secretory product in apcial region of cell
pinch off part of apical region in secretory process |
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Holocrine glands
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entire cell becomes laden with secretory products, then bursts
cell is destroyed |
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Connective Tissue
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most abundanct tissue in body
various functions: binding, support, connection, insulation, transportation |
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Two basic components of Connective Tissue
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Extracellular matrix (nonliving component)- ground substance, 3 types of fibers
Cells (living component) |
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Four Basic Types of Connective Tissue
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Loose CT (areolar, reticular, adipose)
Dense CT (regular, irregular, elastic) Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) Bone Blood |
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Muscle Tissue
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consists of elongated cells specialized to contract and cause movement
contain contracile proteins actin and myosin |
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Skeletal Muscles
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attaches and moves the bony skeleton
Striated Voluntary control |
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Cardiac Muscles
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occurs only in heart
striated involuntary |
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Smooth (visceral) muscles
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found in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, respiratory passages
Smooth Involuntary |
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Nervous tissue
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located only in nervous system
specialized to receive stimuli, transmit info, control actions of muscles and glands |
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Neurons
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branching cells which receive and transmit electrical impulses
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Neuroglial cells
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non-conducting cells
smaller, more numerous thatn neurons support, nourish, protect neurons |
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Synovial membranes
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composed on connective tissue
line the joint cavities |
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Serous membranes
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moist membranes that line body cavities that do not open to outside
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Mucous membranes
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line cavities which are open to outside of body
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Cutaneous membranes
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the skin
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Functions of integumentary system
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protection, thermoregulation, excretion, cutaneous sensation, vitamin D synthesis, blood reservoir
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Skin Layers
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Epidermis
Dermis Hypodermis |
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Dermis
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composed of dense, irregular connective tissue containing mostly collagen fibers
contains numerous blood vessels contains many nerve fibers, sensory receptors contains major portions of hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands consists of two layers: reticular, papillary |
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Epidermis
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superficial layer
composed of keratinized epithelium avasular contains several different types of cells(keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells) |
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Epidermal Layers (deepest to superficial)
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Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum |
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Three pigments that contribute to skin color
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Melanin
Carotene Hemoglobin |
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Accessory Structures of skin
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Hair and hair follicles
Nails Glands- sebaceous, sudoriferous (sweat) |
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Two types of Sweat glands
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Eccrine glands- most numerous, secrete sweat by exocytosis, regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Apocrine glands- found primarily in armpit and groin, ducts terminate in hair follicles, sweat also contains fatty acids and proteins |
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Ceruminous glands
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located in lining of the external ear
produce cerumen (wax) |
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Mammary glands
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sweat glands that are modified to secrete milk
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Axial skeleton
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spine, skull, ribs, sternum
80 bones |
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Appendicular skeleton
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arms, legs, pelvis
126 bones |
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Skeletal system functions
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support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
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Classification of bones
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long bones
short bones flat bones irregular bones |
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Compact bones
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functions in support, resists bending, twisting and compression
structural unit is osteon/Haversian system |
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Spongy bone
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function as shock absorbers, more space, less material
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Structure of long bone
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Diaphysis
Endosteum Epiphyses Epiphyseal line Articular cartilage Periosteum |
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Periosteum
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double-layered membrane that covers all but the articulating surface of the long bone
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Sharpey's fibers
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collegen fibers that extend through both sides of the periosteum
responsible for distributing tension forces |
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Structure of short, flat and irregular bones
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interior is spongy bone covered on both sides by a thin layer of compact bone
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Process of Intramembranous Ossification
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embryonic formation of bony skeleton
1. primitive connective tissue cells in fibrous membrane differentiate into osteoblasts 2. trabeculae forms and osteoblasts are trapped in lacunae 3.perosteum develops and plates of compact bone are produced on external surfaces |
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Process of Endochondral Ossification
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embryonic formation of bony skeleton
1. Development of the cartilage model 2. Osteoblasts in perichondrium produce periosteal bone collar 3. Development of the primary ossification center 4. Development of secondary ossification centers 5. Growth in length |
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Epiphyseal plate
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a cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis
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