Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Cerebral hemisphere

Back 1

Largest region of the brain. Contains gray (basal nuclei) and white matter (beneath cerebral cortex).
Longitudinal fissures separates the Right and left hemispheres.

Front 2

The 4 lobes of each hemisphere are:

Back 2

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

Front 3

The different ridges and folds of the brain include:

Back 3

Gyrus: folds and ridges
Sulcus: shallow grooves
Fissures: deep grooves

Front 4

4 Major regions of the brain

Back 4

Cerebral Hemisphere: basal nuclei
Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
Brain stem: mid-brain, pons, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

Front 5

What separates the:
-frontal and temporal lobes
-frontal and parietal lobes

What is the Corpus Collosum?

Back 5

-Lateral Sulcus separate Frontal and temporal lobes
-Central Sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes

the Corpus Colossum is a thick bundle of nerves that that connects the two hemispheres.

Front 6

What are the 3 functional areas of the Cerebral Cortex?

Back 6

1-Sensory area: located in the posterior half of the hemisphere, it receives and interprets info from sensory receptors. Involved in perception and conscious awareness of a sensation.
2- Motor Areas: control the execution of voluntary movements.
3- Association Area: Deals with more complex integrative personality traits and intelligence.

Front 7

Primary Somatosensory Area:

Back 7

Located on the postcentral gryus, it receives input from skin sensory receptors for touch, pain and temperature. While the cortex can specifically identify what forpotion of the body is being stimulated.

Front 8

Homunculus

Back 8

Post central gyrus hsa been divided into regions - a type of map. Homunculus literally means "little human".

Front 9

What is the location of each of these sensory areas?
1. Primary Visual Area:
2. Primary Auditory Area:
3. Primary Gustatory area:
4. Primary Olfactory Area:

Back 9

1. Located on medial surface of occipital lobe, it receives impulses from retina via the thalamus.
2. Located superior part of temporal bone. Inputs sound.
3. Located at base of postcentral gyrus.
4. Located on medial aspect of temporal lobe (sense of smell)

Front 10

What is the function of a motor area?
What is the location of each of these Motor areas?
1. Primary motor area:
2. Broca's Speech Area:

Back 10

Motor areas are to control motor functions and are located on the posterior part of the frontal lobe.

1. Located precentral gyrus and controls voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscles. Outgoing nerve fibers are crossed over. The left hemisphere contrils the Right side of the body and visa versa. Have the most precise control over the face, tongue and hands.
2. Located close to lateral Sulcus. Directs muscles of the tongue, throat and lips, used in speech production. Damage to Braca's area can result in non-fluent aphasia - cant speak properly, know what you want to say but cant speak it.
2.

Front 11

What are the 5 Association areas?

Back 11

1. Somatosensory association area: lies posterior to and receives input from the primary somatosensory area. It can analyze,recognize and act upon sensory input and relation to past experience (faces and familiar objects).
2. Visual/Auditory association: stores memories of past experience to help understand sights and sounds
3. Pre-motor Area: Lies anterior to and communicates with primary motor area. Controls learned motor activities involving compex sequential muscle contractions.
4. Prefrontal Cortex: Anterior frontal lobe. Involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall and personality.
5. Language Areas: Near lateral sulcus in left hemisphere. Involved in recognition of spoken words and written language.

Front 12

What are some possible issues people can have involving language?

Back 12

1. Wermicks area formulates phrases and transmits a plan of speech to Broca's area. Damage to this area still allows the person to speak but words are not arranged properly.
2. Fluent Aphasia: string words together but have no meaning --> becomes word salad.

Front 13

Basal Nuclei

Back 13

-3 masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebral hemisphere.
-It is functionally associated with the mid-brain and diencephalon.
-Assists in motor activity of the cerebrum and helps to initiate and terminate body movements as well as inhibits unnecessary movements.
- Regulates muscle tone and ingluences many cortical functions - starting and stopping (swinging of the arms).

Front 14

Disorder of the Basal Nuclei:
Parkinson Disease - Tremors

Back 14

Results from the degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons that extend from the midbrain from the basal nuclei.
-Basal nuclei are over-active when dopamine deprived causing involuntary tremors (muscle contractions). which interferes with movement and can cause muscle regidity.

Front 15

Disorder of the Basal Nuclei:
Huntingtons Chorea "Too much movement"

Back 15

-Autosomal dominant genetic disorder.
-develope symptoms in middle age and live about 15 years.
- Basal nuclei degenerate and rapid jerky movements occur involuntarily.
-Cerebral cortex later deteriorates resulting in dementia

Front 16

What is Cerebral white matter and what are the 3 types of tracts associated with it?

Back 16

White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons bundled into large tracts to allow extensive communication within the brain.
1. Association Tracts: axons connect gyri in the same hemisphere
2. Corpus Callosum: Axons connect gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere.
3. Projection Tracts: Axons run vertically to connext cerebrum to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 17

Discuss the two regions included in the Diancephalon.

Back 17

1. Thalamus: Paired oval masses of ~ 7 groups of gray matter nuclei. Acts as a major relay station to conduct sensory impulses to primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex. Trasmits motor info. from cerebellum and basal ganglia to primary motor area of cerebral cortex. Plays a role in the maintenance of memory.
2. Hypothalamus: Cluster of a dozen nuclei located under the thalamus. Regulates pituitary gland via releasing inhibiting hormones. Produces oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormones. Regulates body temp., water balance and food intake. Osmo Receptors - thirst center.

Front 18

What are the functions of the:
1. Brainstem
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
4. Cerebellum

Back 18

1. Reflex center for the startle reflex. contains nuclei and releases dopamine to the basal nuclei and controls unwanted body movements.
2. helps to maintain normal rhythm of breathing
3. the Cardiovascular center, vomiting center, swallowing center, sneezing and coughing centers.
4. Largest part of the brain. Receives input from muscle and joint receptors. corrects and and errors and smooths movements and coordinates sequences of muscle contractions.