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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Necessary Life Functions
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1. Maintain Boundaries 2. Movement
3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8.Growth |
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Maintain Boundaries
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-separates us from the environment:
-Cellular: cell membrane -Organism: integument |
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Movement
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-locomotion: propelling the organism as a whole (walking done by contracting muscles which pull on the bones)
-movement of substances inside the organism (blood in vessels or food through the digestive system) |
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Responsiveness
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-Ability to sense changes in our environment and react
-nerve cells are highly irritable and communicate via electrical impulses |
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Digestion
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-Breakdown of digested food into simpler molecules which are then absorbed and transported throughout the body via the blood
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Metabolism
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-all chemical reactions within the body
-breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones -process: takes nutrients and breaks them down with oxygen to produce NRG which is carried throughout the cell by the NRG intermediate ATP -Includes the building of larger molecules from smaller ones -regulated by hormones -"you are what you eat" |
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Excretion
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-eliminates the waste produced during metabolic reactions
-removed by: -urine:liquid waste -feces: solid waste -CO2: gaseous waste |
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Reproduction
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-cellular level: mitosis forms 2 identical daughter cells
-organism level: gametes fuse to form a zygote -produces future generations -also regulated by hormones *reproduction is essential for the survival of the species |
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Growth
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-accomplished by an increase in cell size or by an increase in the number of cells
*the human body contains over 50 trillion cells |
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Survival Needs
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1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Stable Body Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure
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Nutrients
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-the food which we ingest contains the chemicals our body needs for NRG and cell building
-includes: -carbohydrates: glucose (fast NRG) -proteins: builds structures -lipids: stored NRG -vitamins&minerals: carry O2 to cells |
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Oxygen
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-picked up by lungs and carried by RBC's in a molecule called ***HEMOGLOBIN*** it is required chemical to occur (20% of air is O2)
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Water
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60-80% Body Weight
-most abundant chemical in human body -provides the necessary fluid base in which our nutrients and chemicals re dissolved in order for metabolic reactions to occur (aqueous) *obtained by digestion and lost through evaporation and excretion |
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Stable Body Temperature
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37 degrees C or 98 degrees F
-As our body temperature drops below 37 degrees the metabolic reaction rates drop and our body temperature increases our reaction rates go up and proteins denature |
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Atmospheric Pressure
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-Must be appropriate for proper gas exchange in the human body
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Homeostasis
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-the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even in a constantly changing environment
-dynamic state of equilibrium in which the body changes slightly to accommodate for external changes -necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life |
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Homeostatic Imbalance
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a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease.
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Stimulus
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changes in the environment resulting in a response
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Receptor
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a sensor that detects the change in the environment
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Input
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the information which is sent to the control center
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Afferent Pathway
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incoming nerve impulses
-travels along the afferent pathway approaching the control center |
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Control Center
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determines set point that must be maintained
-analyzes incoming information -determines appropriate response or course of action |
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Output
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the information which is sent to appropriate organs for a response
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Effector
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provides a means for responses to the stimulus
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Efferent Pathway
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outgoing nerve impulses
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Response
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returns the variable to the homeostatic level by either depressing or shutting off the stimulus or enhancing responses
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Negative Feedback
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includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
-shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity -**works like a household thermostat: our body's thermostat is located in the part of our brain called the hypothalamus |
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Positive Feedback
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mechanisms are in the body
-increases the original stimulus to pin the variable farther in the blood clotting and during the birth of a baby |
