Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

define melanocyte

Back 1

produces the pigment melanin

Front 2

define keratinocyte

Back 2

it is the common in the epidermal cell

Front 3

define langerhan's cell

Back 3

cell type that protects against bacteria ( a defensive cell)

Front 4

define merkell cell

Back 4

a cell in the epidermis that has a sensory function

Front 5

define osteoblast

Back 5

a bone forming cell

Front 6

define osteocyte

Back 6

a bone cell

Front 7

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Back 7

it increases osteoclast activity and increases plasma calcium

Front 8

define calcitonin

Back 8

decreases plasma calcium

Front 9

epidermis

Back 9

is made of stratified squamous tissue
the cells are filled with keratin

Front 10

in order list the layers of the epidermis and give its function

Back 10

stratum basale-it makes new cells
stratum spinosum- 8 to 10 rows
stratum granulosum - begins the process of keratinization
stratum lucideum - found only in thich layers
stratum cornelium -are dead cells filled with keratin

Front 11

list the two layers of the dermis and what types of tissue it consists of?

Back 11

the papillary- areolar tissue
the recticular-dense irregular tissue

Front 12

what are the two functions of the dermis layer?

Back 12

nourishes the epidermis and strength elasticity

Front 13

what does the epiphyseal plate do?

Back 13

it allows bone to grow in length

Front 14

what is the epiphyseal plate made of ?

Back 14

cartilage

Front 15

list the four types of cartilage

Back 15

the resting cartilage, the proliferating cartilage, the maturing cartilage, and the calcifying cartilage

Front 16

what does the growth hormone do?

Back 16

it stimulates the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Front 17

What is appositional growth?

Back 17

it allows bones to grow thicker

Front 18

list the treatments of osteoporosis?

Back 18

biphosphanate drugs
exercise
calcium and vitamin D

Front 19

what are the locations of bone marrow?

Back 19

the larger haversian canal
the medullary cavity
between the trabeculae

Front 20

what is the name of the membrane that lines the locations of bone marrow?

Back 20

the endosteum

Front 21

where is the periosteum located?

Back 21

the outside of the bone

Front 22

define osteogenic cells and where is it found

Back 22

precursors for osteoblasts and they are found in the endosteum

Front 23

name the types of bone marrow

Back 23

red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

Front 24

where can red bone marrow be found and what is it's function?

Back 24

can be found in the sternum, hip, and ribs and its functions is hematoiposis(the production of blood cells)

Front 25

where can yellow marrow be found and what is it's function?

Back 25

can be found in adipose tissue
and it's function is fat storage

Front 26

what is endochondrial ossification?

Back 26

it is the way most bones are formed (bone is formed in cartilage)

Front 27

the primary ossification is located where?

Back 27

the center of the diaphysis

Front 28

the secondary ossification center is located where?

Back 28

the center of the epiphysis

Front 29

what stabliizes the diaphysis?

Back 29

a collar of bone

Front 30

what is the periosteal bud

Back 30

ostegenic cells and blood vessels

Front 31

what is the remaining cartilage

Back 31

epiphyseal plate and the articular cartilage

Front 32

what are the two sex hormones?

Back 32

estrogen and testosterone

Front 33

what do the sex hormones do?

Back 33

allow growth of bone and closure of the epiphyseal plate

Front 34

what is the intramembranous ossification

Back 34

it starts off as a fibrous membrane

Front 35

what makes bone hard

Back 35

calcium

Front 36

define osteoid

Back 36

organic protein part of bone matrix

Front 37

name the different types of glands and what they are

Back 37

sebacceous gland - oil gland
apocrine - active at puberty
eccrine - temp. regulation in children
ceruminous - wax

Front 38

what is arrector pilli muscle

Back 38

makes hair stand on end
gives us goosebumps

Front 39

list the thin filaments

Back 39

trpomysin
troponin
actin

Front 40

list the thick filaments

Back 40

myosin

Front 41

what is the I band

Back 41

thin filaments only

Front 42

what is the A band

Back 42

thick filaments overlapping the thin filaments

Front 43

for synarthrotic movements what is the joints and the structural classification

Back 43

Suture-fibrous
gomphosis- fibrous
synchondrosis-cartilaginous

Front 44

what is an example of synarthrotic suture

Back 44

between skull bones

Front 45

what is an example synarthrotic gomphosis

Back 45

between the teeth and gums

Front 46

what is an example of synarthrotic synchondrosis

Back 46

the epiphyseal plate

Front 47

for amphiarthrotic movements what is the joint and classification

Back 47

symphysis and cartilaginous

Front 48

what is and example of amphiarthrotic symphysis

Back 48

symphysis pubis

Front 49

for diarthrotic movement what is the joint and classification

Back 49

synovial joint and synvoial classification

Front 50

what is and example of a diarthrotic synovial joint

Back 50

most joints

Front 51

what is a joint capsule?

Back 51

holds bone together

Front 52

what are the two types of joint capsules?

Back 52

fibrous capsule
synovial membrane - inner lining of the joint

Front 53

what is the function of synovial fluid?

Back 53

moistens, lubricates and provides nutrients for articular cartilage

Front 54

what is weeping lubrication?

Back 54

cartilage loads up with synovial fluid like a sponge, increased by exercise

Front 55

what is menisci?

Back 55

fibrocartilage pad that evens out force on bones by allowing bones to fit tightly together

Front 56

what is bursae?

Back 56

sacs filled with fluid similar to synovial fluid, cushions movement

Front 57

define flexion

Back 57

bending, decrease angle

Front 58

define extension

Back 58

straightening, returnin to anatomical position

Front 59

define hyperextension

Back 59

continuation of extension past anatomical position

Front 60

define abduction

Back 60

movement away from median

Front 61

define adduction

Back 61

movement towards median

Front 62

define circumduction

Back 62

circular path combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

Front 63

define rotation

Back 63

movement of a bone on its longitudinal axis ( turning head from side to side)

Front 64

define gliding

Back 64

back and forth, side to side carpal bones

Front 65

define elevation

Back 65

raising part

Front 66

define depression

Back 66

lowering part

Front 67

define protraction

Back 67

forward movement, parallel to the ground

Front 68

define retraction

Back 68

backward movement, parallel to the ground (manidible)

Front 69

define suplination

Back 69

palms forward

Front 70

isch/o

Back 70

to hold back

Front 71

define opposition

Back 71

move thumb to touch tip of the other four fingers

Front 72

define inversion

Back 72

sole of foot inward

Front 73

define eversion

Back 73

sole of foot outward

Front 74

define dorsiflexion

Back 74

flexion of foot upward

Front 75

define plantar flexion

Back 75

toes pointed downward

Front 76

give and ex. of ball and socket

Back 76

hip and shoulder
multiaxial synovial joint

Front 77

give and ex. of condyloid

Back 77

metacarpophalangeal joint ( the knuckle) biaxial movement

Front 78

give and ex. of saddle

Back 78

the thumb
biaxial movement

Front 79

give and ex. of a hinge

Back 79

elbow, knee and interphalanges
monoaxial movement

Front 80

give and example of a pivot

Back 80

atlas and axis
monoaxial movement

Front 81

give and ex. of gliding

Back 81

carpal bones of the wrist
monoaxial movement

Front 82

name the three types of arthiritis

Back 82

osteoarthiritis
rheumatoid arthiritis
gouty arthiritis

Front 83

what is osteoarthiritis

Back 83

deterioration of articular cartilage (normal aging and normal wear and tear)

Front 84

what is rheumatoid arthiritis

Back 84

autoimmune reaction ( more severe antibody's attacking the synovial joint)

Front 85

what is gouty arthritis

Back 85

uric acid crystals inflame joint (excess of uric acid in the body. so it inflames the joint)

Front 86

what is the h zone?

Back 86

thick filaments only

Front 87

what does troponin bind to?

Back 87

calcium

Front 88

what does trypomysin do?

Back 88

covers binding sites and during contractions it uncovers actin

Front 89

what does actin do?

Back 89

it is a contractile protein that binds myosin

Front 90

what does myosin do?

Back 90

binds actin

Front 91

what do the t tubules do?

Back 91

it takes the action potential deep within the muscle cell

Front 92

what does the SR (sacroplasmic reticular) do?

Back 92

stores, releases, and takes up calcium

Front 93

what lines the joint cavity?

Back 93

the synovial membrane and articular cartilage

Front 94

what is the fibrous capsule?

Back 94

it is continous with the periosteum

Front 95

what do ligaments do?

Back 95

connects bone to bone

Front 96

what do tendons do?

Back 96

connect muscle to bone

Front 97

where is sydesmosis located?

Back 97

at the distal end of the tibula and fibula

Front 98

what are the factors of joint stabilization and range of motion?

Back 98

articular surface of the bone
ligaments and tendons
muscle tone

Front 99

what are the parts of the lever system?

Back 99

lever - bone
fulcrum - joint
effort - muscle
load - weight of body parts

Front 100

what are the three types of the lever systems?

Back 100

first class fulcrum in the middle
second class load in the middle
third class effort in the middle

Front 101

temp goes up what happens?

Back 101

increase in blood flow

Front 102

temp goes down what happens?

Back 102

decrease in skin blood flow