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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are 3 functions of the spinal cord?
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1-It processes reflexes
2-It's the site for integration of EPSP and IPSP 3-It's a conduction pathway for sensory and motor nerve impulses |
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Where does the sensory neuron enter the spinal cord?
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through the dorsal root
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Where does the motor neuron exit the spinal cord?
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through the ventral root
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What are 3 protective structures of the spinal cord?
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1-Bony vertebrae
2-Cerebral spinal fluid 3-Tough connective tissue meninges |
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In what way does the CSF protect the spinal cord?
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it cushions the spinal cord on the exterior and interior
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the spinal meninges and the cranial meninges are or are not continuous with each other?
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ARE
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Name the 3 spinal meninges
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1-Dura mater
2-Arachnoid mater 3-Pia mater |
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What is the most superficial meningeal layer?
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dura mater
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What is the middle meningeal layer?
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arachnoid mater
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What is the deepest meningeal layer?
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pia mater
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What is the dura mater's tissue composed of?
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dense irregular connective tissue
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Which meningeal layer has an avascular covering?
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arachnoid mater
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What type of tissue is in the pia mater?
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shiny and thin connective tissue
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Define epidural space
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space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal
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What is the Epidural space filled with?
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adipose tissue
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Define subdural space
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it's space between he dura mater and arachnoid mater that is filled with interstitial fluid
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Define Denticulate Ligaments
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Thickenings of the pia mater that project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid and dura mater
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Define Subarachnoid space
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Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that is filled with CSF
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How far does the spinal cord extend down the vertebrae in adults?
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to the 2nd lumbar vertebra
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How far does the spinal cord extend in infants?
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To the 3rd or 4th lumbar region
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Define filium terminale
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extension of pia mater that holds up spinal cord to saccrum
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Where are the cervical enlargements found?
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from 4th cervical vertebrae to 1st thoracic vertebrae
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Where can the lumbar enlargements be found in the spinal cord?
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from the 9th thoracic vertebrae to the 12th thoracic vertebrae
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Which vertebrae have no plexuses?
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The thoracic vertebrae
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Define the Reflex Arc
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Very rapid response involving skeletal muscles to remove body from obnoxious stimulus
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Give the 5 steps for the reflex arc
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1-Sensory receptors
2-sensory neurons 3-integrating center in gray matter 4-motor neuron 5-effector |
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What are the 4 important somatic spinal reflexes?
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1-Stretch reflex
2-Tendon reflex 3-flexor reflex 4-crossed extensor reflex |
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describe the stretch reflex
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-monosynaptic
-ipsilateral |
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describe the tendon reflex
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-polysynaptic
-ipsilateral |
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Describe the flexor reflex
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-polysynaptic
-intersegmental and ipsilateral |
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Describe Crossed extensor reflex
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-polysynaptic
-intersegmental and contralateral |
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Define Tracts
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Nerves in the spinal cord
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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How are the spinal nerves classified?
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according to the segment from which they arise
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How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
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8
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How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
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12
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How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
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5
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How many sacral nerves are there?
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5
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How many coccygeal nerves are there?
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1
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What are spinal roots?
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Bundles of axons that connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord
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Which type of neuron enters the dorsal root?
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Sensory neuron (and axon)
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Which type of neuron exits the ventral root?
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Motor neuron (axon)
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Where does the ventral root send it's impulses to and from?
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from the CNS to the effectors
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Where does the dorsal root get it's impulses from?
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the PNS
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What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?
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it contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
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What are the 3 horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord named?
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1-Anterior gray horns
2-Posterior gray horns 3-Lateral gray horns |
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What do the anterior gray horns contain in the spinal cord?
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cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
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What do the posterior gray horns contain in the spinal cord?
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somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei.
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What is the job of the posterior gray horns in the spinal cord?
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it's in charge of information processing, relaying, and decision-making.
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Where are the lateral gray horns found in the body?
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only in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral segments of the spinal cord
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What do the lateral gray horns contain in the spinal cord?
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cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
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What are the regions called that separate the white matter into sections?
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columns
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Define columns in reference to white matter
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Bundles of tracts
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What are the 3 pairs of white matter columns called?
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1-anterior or ventral white columns
2-posterior or dorsal white columns 3-lateral white columns |
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Define Tracts
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Bundles of axons of nerve cells that extend long distances and are continuous with the brain
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Which way do sensory tracts go?
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up
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Which way do motor tracts go?
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down
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What are the 2 principle functions of the spinal cord?
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1-Nerve impulse propagation
2-information integration |
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What are the information integration reflexes?
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1-Spinal
2-cranial 3-somatic 4-autonomic |
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Is a nerve and organ?
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Yes; an organized organ
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Where is the perineurium?
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surrounding the individual fascicle
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Where is the endoneurium
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Surrounding the axon
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Where is the Epineurium?
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Surrounding entire nerve
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Define Rami
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Branches that pass through the intervertebral foramen.
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Describe the posterior or dorsal ramus
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It supplies the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk
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Describe the anterior or ventral ramus
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It supplies muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk.
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Describe the meningeal branch
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It re-enters the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, ligaments, blood vessels, and meninges.
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The ________ rami does NOT go directly to the body structures
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anterior
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What are the five spinal plexuses?
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1-cervical
2-lumbar 3-sacral 4-coccygeal 5-brachial |
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Name the 7 spinal cord transections
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C1-C3
C4-C5 C6-C7 T1-T3 T4-T9 T10-L1 L1-L2 |
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Define dermatomes
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Area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via the posterior roots of one pair of spinal nerves or via the cranial nerve V
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Which nerve does NOT have a dermatome?
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C1
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What are Shingles?
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an acute infection of the PNS; herpes zoster; skin blisters
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What is polio?
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Attack on PNS/cell bodies of motor neurons that causes paralysis; loss of some somatic reflexes; fever, headaches, stiff neck and back
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What is meningitis?
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Infection of the meninges; can be spinal or cranial; can be fatal or mild; usually treated with antibiotic
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What are the 3 homeostatic imbalances in reference to infections?
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1-shingles
2-polio 3-meningitis |
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Where is the arbor vitae?
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in the cerebellum
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