Anatomy And Physiology 1

Front 1

compact bones

Back 1

dense outer layer

Front 2

spongy bones

Back 2

honeycomb of trebeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

Front 3

know the terms:
Osteo- blast, clast, and cyte
Chondro- blast, clast, and cyte

Back 3

bone forming cell, breaking down bone cell, and mature bone cell.

cartilage forming cell, breaking down cartilage cell, mature cartilage cell.

Front 4

hyaline cartilage

Back 4

covers the ends of long bones

Front 5

growth hormone activates

Back 5

epiphyseal plate activity in infants and children.

Front 6

Nondisplaced fracture

Back 6

bone ends retain their normal position

Front 7

Displaced fracture

Back 7

bone ends are out of normal alignment

Front 8

Complete fracture

Back 8

bone is broken all the way through

Front 9

Incomplete fracture

Back 9

bone is not broken all the way through

Front 10

Linear fracture

Back 10

the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

Front 11

Transverse fracture

Back 11

the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Front 12

Compound (open) fracture

Back 12

bone ends penetrate the skin

Front 13

Simple (closed) fracture

Back 13

bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Front 14

Comminuted fracture

Back 14

bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly

Front 15

Spiral fracture

Back 15

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

Front 16

Depressed fracture

Back 16

broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Front 17

Compression fracture

Back 17

bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Front 18

Epiphyseal fracture

Back 18

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying

Front 19

Greenstick fractrure

Back 19

incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children

Front 20

Epiphyses

Back 20

-Expanded ends of long bones
-Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone
-Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
-Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses

Front 21

Diaphysis

Back 21

-Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
-Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
-Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

Front 22

diploë

Back 22

endosteum-covered spongy bone on the inside

Front 23

Osteoporosis what is it?

Back 23

-bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
-Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable
-Occurs most often in postmenopausal women
-Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures

Front 24

Osteoporosis Treatment

Back 24

-Calcium and vitamin D supplements
-Increased weight-bearing exercise
-Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
-Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth
-Statins increase bone mineral density

Front 25

Function of Bones

Back 25

Support
Protect
Move
Mineral Storage (Calcium & Phosphate)
Blood Cell Formation in Marrow

Front 26

Haversian system, or osteon is the..

Back 26

the structural unit of compact bone

Front 27

Endosteum

Back 27

delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

Front 28

Periosteum

Back 28

-Double layered outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue
-composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
-Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
-Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers

Front 29

Haversian, or central canal

Back 29

central channel in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves

Front 30

Parythyroid Hormone (PTH)

Back 30

signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium into the blood

Front 31

Calcitonin Hormone

Back 31

Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone

Front 32

example of long bone

Back 32

humerous

Front 33

example of flat bone

Back 33

bones in skull

Front 34

example of short bone

Back 34

metacarpals

Front 35

example of irregular bones

Back 35

vertebrae or hip bone

Front 36

osteogenesis

Back 36

the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:
The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
Bone growth until early adulthood
Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

Front 37

epiphyseal plate

Back 37

causes bone to grow, if injured here as a child, your bones may not grow properly.

Front 38

Padgets Disease

Back 38

excessive bone formation and breakdown
Pagetic bone with an excessively high ratio of woven to compact bone is formed
Pagetic bone, along with reduced mineralization, causes spotty weakening of bone
Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work
Usually localized in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Unknown cause (possibly viral)
Treatment includes the drugs Didronate and Fosamax

Front 39

Osteomalacia

Back 39

Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency