Anatomy And Physiolgy Chapter 1

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

the scientific study of the structure or morpholgy of organisms and their parts

Front 2

gross anatomy
(macroscopic anatomy)

Back 2

deals with large structures that can be seen through normal dissection

Front 3

microscoopic anatomy

Back 3

deals with smaller structures and fine detail that can be seen only with the aide of a microscope

Front 4

physiology

Back 4

scientific study of the functions of processes of living things

Front 5

cytology

Back 5

study of cellular structure

Front 6

histology

Back 6

study of tissues

Front 7

chemical level

Back 7

deals with interactions of atoms and their combinations into molecules

Front 8

cells

Back 8

the basic living units of all organisms

Front 9

tissues

Back 9

cells with similar structure and function are grouped together

Front 10

organs

Back 10

two or more tissue types that together form a more complex structure and work together to form one or more functions

Front 11

body system

Back 11

consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions

Front 12

total organism

Back 12

made up of several systems that work together to maintain life

Front 13

integumentary system

Back 13

consists of the skin and the various accessory organs associated with it. they include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil)glands. the componets of this system protect underlying tissues from harm, protect against water loss, contain sense receptors, help in temperature regulation, and synthesize chemicals to be used in other parts of the body.

Front 14

skeletal system

Back 14

forms the framework of the body and protects underlying organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart. consists of the bones and joints along with ligaments and cartilage that bind the bones together, act with muscles to produce movement. tissues within bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.

Front 15

muscular system

Back 15

muscles. as they contract, create forces that produce movement and maintain posture. store energy in the form of glycogen and are the primary source of heat within the body.

Front 16

nervous system

Back 16

consists of brain, spinal chord, and associated nerves. these organs work together to coordinate body activites. some nerve endings can detect changes in the environment (stimuli)

Front 17

endocrine system

Back 17

includes all the glands that secrete horomones. horomones travel through the blood and regulate body activities. this system works with the nervous system. works slowly but with sustained effect

Front 18

cardiovascular system

Back 18

consistsof the blood, heart, and blood vessels. the blood transports nutrients, horomones, and oxygen to tissue cells and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide

Front 19

lymphatic system

Back 19

consists of a series of vessels that transport fluid (lymph) from the tissues back into the blood. includes lymph nodes and lymphoid organs such as the tonsils, spleen, and thymus that filter the lympg to remove foreign particles to pretect against disease. sometimes considered part of the cardio system

Front 20

digestive system

Back 20

organs in this system include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon), which make up the digestive tract. accessory organs include teeth, tounge, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. ingests food, processes it into things that can be used in the body and then removes waste.

Front 21

urinary system

Back 21

kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra make up this system. removes waste materials, especially nitrogenous wastes, from the blood and helps to regulate the fluid and chemical content of the body.

Front 22

reproductive system

Back 22

concerned with the creation of new humans. ovaries in females and testes in males.

Front 23

oganization

Back 23

at all levels of the orgaizational scheme, there is a division of labor. each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others.

Front 24

metabolism

Back 24

includes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Front 25

cabolism
(part of metabolism)

Back 25

complex substances are borken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released

Front 26

anabolism
(part of metabolism)

Back 26

a building-up process in which complex substances and synthesized from simpler ones

Front 27

responsiveness

Back 27

aka irritability is concerned with detecting changes in the internal or external environment and reacting to those changes

Front 28

movement

Back 28

many different types of movement (blood, molecules, diaphragm) the ability of muscle fibers to shorten and thus create movement is called contractility

Front 29

reproduction

Back 29

cellular (formation of new cells and repair of old) and regular--babies. both are very impt.

Front 30

growth

Back 30

refers to an increase in size either because number of cells grows or size of cells gorw...or both.

Front 31

differentiation

Back 31

a developmental process by with unspecialized cells change into specialized cells

Front 32

respiration

Back 32

all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the external environment.

Front 33

digestion

Back 33

breaking down complex foods into simple molecules that can be used and stored by/in the body

Front 34

excretion

Back 34

the process that removes the waste from digestion and metabolism

Front 35

homeostasis

Back 35

refers to the constant inernal environment that must be maintained for the cells of the body

Front 36

stressor

Back 36

and condition or stimulus that disrupts the homeostatic balance in the body

Front 37

negative feedback

Back 37

does not prevent varation but returns the system back to a normal range or homeostasis

Front 38

positive feedback

Back 38

stimulate or amplify changes. only 2 examples: giving birth and blood clott formation

Front 39

superior

Back 39

one part is above another part, or closer to the head

Front 40

inferior

Back 40

one part is below another part, or closer to the feet

Front 41

anterior
(or ventral)

Back 41

means toward the front surface

Front 42

posterior
(or dorsal)

Back 42

means toward the back surface

Front 43

medial

Back 43

means toward, or nearer, the midline of the body

Front 44

lateral

Back 44

means toward, or nearer, the side, away from the midline

Front 45

proximal

Back 45

means that a part is closer to a point of attachment, or closer to the trunk of the body, than another part

Front 46

distal

Back 46

means that a part is farther away from a point of attachment than is another part

Front 47

superficial

Back 47

means that a part is located on or near the surface

Front 48

deep

Back 48

means that a part is away from the surface

Front 49

visceral

Back 49

pertains to internal organs or the covering of the organs

Front 50

parietal

Back 50

refers to the wall of a body cavity

Front 51

sagittal plane

Back 51

refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

Front 52

midsagittal plane

Back 52

passes through the midline of the body and cuts the body into right and left halves

Front 53

transverse plane
(horizontal plane)

Back 53

perpendicular to the sagittal plane and cuts across the body horizontally to divide it inot superior and inferior portions

Front 54

frontal plane
(coronal plane)

Back 54

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. perpendicular to both the sagittal plane and the transverse plane

Front 55

dorsal cavity

Back 55

one of two main body cavities. divided into cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Front 56

cranial cavity

Back 56

holds the brain

Front 57

spinal cavity

Back 57

holds the spinal chord

Front 58

ventral cavity

Back 58

much larger than the dorsal cavity and subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 59

thoracic cavity

Back 59

superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and contains the heart, lungs, esphagus, and trachea. separated from a. cavity by diaphragm.

Front 60

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 60

separated into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Front 61

abdominal cavity

Back 61

superior to the pelvic cavity. contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and most of the intestines

Front 62

pelvic cavity

Back 62

inferior to the abdominal cavity and contains the rectum, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.

Front 63

axial region

Back 63

consists of the head, neck, and trunk and the appendicular portion

Front 64

appendicular portion

Back 64

consists of limbs

Front 65

trunk

Back 65

aka torso. includes the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.

Front 66

antecubital

Back 66

space in front of elbow

Front 67

axillary

Back 67

armpit area

Front 68

brachial

Back 68

arm; proximal portion of upper limb

Front 69

buccal

Back 69

region of cheek

Front 70

carpal

Back 70

wrist

Front 71

celiac

Back 71

abdomen

Front 72

cephalic

Back 72

head

Front 73

cervical

Back 73

neck region

Front 74

costal

Back 74

ribs

Front 75

cranial

Back 75

skull

Front 76

cutaneous

Back 76

skin

Front 77

femoral

Back 77

thigh; part of lower extremity between hip and knee

Front 78

frontal

Back 78

forehead

Front 79

gluteal

Back 79

buttock region

Front 80

inguinal

Back 80

groin; depressed region between abdomen and thigh

Front 81

leg

Back 81

portion of lower extremity between knee and foot; also called crural region

Front 82

lumbar

Back 82

region of lower back and side between lowest rib and pelvis

Front 83

otic

Back 83

ears

Front 84

palmar

Back 84

palm of hand

Front 85

pectoral

Back 85

chest region

Front 86

pedal

Back 86

foot

Front 87

pelvic

Back 87

inferior region of abdominopelvic cavity

Front 88

perineal

Back 88

region between anus and pubis symphysis; includes region of external reproductive organs

Front 89

plantar

Back 89

sole of foot

Front 90

popliteal

Back 90

area behind knee

Front 91

sacral

Back 91

posterior region between hip bones

Front 92

sternal

Back 92

anterior midline of the thorax

Front 93

tarsal

Back 93

ankle and instep of foot

Front 94

thoracic
(pectoral)

Back 94

chest; part of trunk inferior to neck and superior to diaphragm

Front 95

umbilical

Back 95

navel; middle region of abdomen

Front 96

vertebral

Back 96

pertaining to spinal column; backbone

Front 97

opthalmic

Back 97

eye

Front 98

antebrachial
(cubital)

Back 98

forearm; area between elbow and wrist

Front 99

mammary

Back 99

boobs; mammory glands

Front 100

occipital

Back 100

back of the head