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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is diastole?
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heart at rest
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What is systole?
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heart contracting
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When the AV valves are open is the ventricle diastole or systole?
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diastole-at rest
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What does the vena cava do?
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bring blood back to the right atrium
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What is between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle?
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semilunar valves
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What causes AV valves to open and close?
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pressure
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What happens when the right atrium has pressure?
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the AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
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What is a murmur?
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fluttering of the valves-mostly AV valves
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What happens when the ventricles have pressure?
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the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close because of the ventricle systole
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What happens when the heart is in systole?
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it becomes so tight that blood cannot go through
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What are the main functions of the circulatory system?
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Transport and distribute essential substances to the tissues.
Remove metabolic byproducts. Adjustment of oxygen and nutrient supply in different physiologic states. Regulation of body temperature. Humoral communication. |
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What is the apex, base and shape of the heart?
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the apex is the top, the base is the bottom and the shape of the heart is a cone.
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Which is thinner the atria or ventricles and what are auricles?
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atria, auricles are the leaf like structures around the atria
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What is the Os Cardis?
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soft tissue bone near the valves
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Where are the superior and inferior vena cavas?
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superior is cranial;bottom, and the inferior is caudal; top
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During systole is there blood flow?
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no because the heart tightens
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What happens when the ventricle relaxes?
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the lood tries to come back and the semi lunar valves close and the coronary arters opena and the blood goes to the heart
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What are two layers that make up the pericardium? what is it and what does it contain?
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visceral layer underneath the parietal layer, membrane that surrounds the heart and it contains a fluid that reduces friction
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What are the junctions between the cardiac muscle cells called?
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intercalated disks-electrical continuity
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Describe cardiac cells?
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uninucleated, branch and resist tearing (interdiagitate), no connective tissue covering and not innervated (does not supply with nerves)
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What is functional syncitium and which muscle does it affect?
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cardiac muscle, what happens to one cell happens to all; they are connected and able to spread over large areas
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Where does normal heart beat originate?
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in the sino atrial node (SA node)
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What is the SA node called? and what is it?
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the primary pacemaker; it is a collection of cells in the right atrium which spontaneously depolarize
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What happens to reach threshold?
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sodium slowly leaks in and potassium comes out until it is reached to cause the cells to spontaneously depolarize
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What is the secondary pacemaker of the heart? What is the third?
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the AV node, the purkinje
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What is the bundle of His?
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purkinje fibers
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Where is the heart rate modified?
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SA node
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What is the function of the purkinje fibers?
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to protect against premature atrial depolarizations at slow heart rates
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What is the function of the AV node?
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protects against premature depolarizations at high heart rate
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What is an electrocardiographic lead?
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recording electrode or a pair of recording electrodes at a specified location.
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What kind of lining do all vessels have?
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an endothelium lining
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What lining do aorta, arteries and arterioles have?
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elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle
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What lining do veins and the vena cava have?
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elastic connective tissue, some smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue
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What is the lining of a capillary?
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endothelium
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What is the lining of a venule?
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endothelium and some fibrous connective tissue
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What is fenestrated?
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leaky or with holes
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What does it mean when it is said that veins and the vena cava are capacitance vessels?
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they can swell very easily
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Does blood pressure increase or decrease to the right atrium?
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decrease
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Does velocity increase or decrease with a decrease in cross sectional area?
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increase
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What percent does systematic circulation of blood take place in the veins and venules, the capillaries and the aorta, arteries and arterioles?
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67% in veins and venules,
5% in capillaries 11% in aorta, arteries and arterioles |
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What percent of blood volume takes place in systematic circulation and what percent of blood volume takes place in pulmonary circulation?
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systematic-83%
pulmonary-12% |
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What percent does pulmonary circulation of blood take place in arteries, capillaries, venules and veins and ventricles?
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arteries, capillaries, venules and veins-4%
ventricles-5% |
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When is the lowest velocity of blood?
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as it goes through the capillary bed
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What is velocity?
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rate of displacement of fluid per time (cm/sec)
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What is flow?
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is volume diplacement per time
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What causes flow?
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pressure differences
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When cross sectional area increases velocity increases or decreases?
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decreases
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What is poiseuille's equation?
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flow of fluid in cylindrical tubes, laminar flow
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What is the equation in poiseuille's equation?
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flow= (P1-P2)*(radius)^4 * pie
----------------- --- length*viscosity 8 |
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What is flow directly related to?
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pressure difference between two points (radius)
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What is flow indirectly related to?
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length (friction), viscosity
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If pressure goes down, does flow go down or up? If viscosity or length go up does flow go down or up?
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down, down
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The greater the pressure difference the (faster or slower) the flow?
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faster
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What is polycythemia? and how does it affect flow?
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will affect viscosity, and flow will go down
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What is pulse pressure?
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systolic blood pressure-diastolic blood pressure
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What is pulse pressure due to?
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stroke volume, long filling time with slow heart rate in athelete
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What is congestive heart failure or hemorrhage due to?
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low stroke volume and low pulse pressure
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What is mean blood pressure?
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1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic blood pressure
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What happens during microcirculation?
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at the capillaries there is low blood pressure and flow rate so this is the ideal time for nutrients and wastes to be exchange, there is a major tubing system in the capillaries
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How many miles of capillaries does a human have?
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60,000 miles which are most closed
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What is the importance of the single layer of endothelium on blood vessels?
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allows water and solutes to mmove but not cells and proteins
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What is colloid osmotic pressure?
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within capillary due to large proteins and molecules; primarily albumin
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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pressure generate by the heart
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Is there more or less fluid pushed out then taken back?
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more
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How much fluid is pushed out of the arteriol end and how much fluid is pulled back in at the venous end?
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12 mmHg, and -8mmHg
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What is Edema?
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if there aren't any lymphatics there is a build up of interstitial fluid that is not being put back intot he blood.
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What is the function of the lymphatics?
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absorbs lipids in the small intestines or animals and recovers water and proteins from the blood from the interstitial fluid
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How much flows through the lymph?
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11 mL per hours
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What happens because of Edema?
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there is excess Interstitial fluid,
increase in capillary permeability, increase in capillary blood pressure, decrese colloid osmotic pressure, block lymph drainage |
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When lymph drainage is blocked what is the outcome?
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elephantitis and nematodes
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What happens to circulation if you have diabetes mellitus?
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have poor circulation and go blind in the retina
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How does the sympathetic NS affect blood flow?
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it will clamp down on blood vessels and decrease blood flow
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How does autoregulation effect blood flow in the brain and lung?
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brain; increase hydrogen ions and blood flow
lung-decreased blood flow, picks up O2 and delivers CO2 |
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What are baroreceptors?
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stretch receptors on the arch of the aorta, carotid sinuses
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What is cardiac output?
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heart rate + stroke volume-how much each ventricle ejects in one beat of the heart
mL per minq |
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What is the benefit of excercise?
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your stroke volume increases
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What is a shunt?
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detour or path to keep blood away from the lungs
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What are the two shunts and describe them?
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foramen ovae-between the right and left atria-closes after first week of life,
and the ductus arteriorosus-from pulmonary artery |
