Respiratory And Digestive Systems

Front 1

What are 4 processes of respiration

Back 1

Pulmonary Respiration, external respiration, gas transport and internal respiration.

Front 2

Functions of respiratory system

Back 2

1.Provides surface area for gas exchange

2. Allows movement of air to and from exchange surfaces

3. Protects surfaces from pathogens, dehydration and temp changes.

Front 3

Nose and nasal cavity functions

Back 3

1. Warms and moistens inhaled air.

2. Filters debris.

3. House olfactory receptors.

4. Enhance resonance of voice.

Front 4

What are the paranasal sinuses? Where are they located? What are their functions?

Back 4

1. Connect to the nasal cavity via small passageways in the bones.

2. Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary bones.

3. Humidify and filter warm air, lighten the skull.

Front 5

What are the 3 types of pharynxes? And what are their passageways too?

Back 5

1. Nasopharynx-. Passage for air

2. Oropharynx- passage for food and air

3. Laryngopharynx-. Food and air passage

Front 6

What is the larynx

Back 6

Held open by cartlidges which protects vocal structures.

Front 7

What's the traceha?

Back 7

Flexible tube that Prevents collapse and over expansion.

Front 8

What are bronchioles?

Back 8

have thick layers of smooth muscle. Allow for bronchoconstriction (parasympathetic stimulation) and bronchodialation (sympathetic stimulation)

Front 9

How many lobes do the Lungs have? What are the lobes called?

Back 9

Left lung has 2 lobes- inferior and superior

Right lung has 3 lobes- inferior and superior and middle.

Front 10

What's hilum

Back 10

Medial groove on each lung

Front 11

What are the 2 layers Pleura membranes

Back 11

Each lung is enveloped in a double layer pleura serous membrane.

Parietal layer and visceral layer.

Front 12

What is conducting portion

Back 12

Passage from the nares to the terminal bronchioles

Front 13

What's an aveolar sac

Back 13

Chamber that connects with several smaller aveoli

Front 14

Ventilation is driven by what 3 pressure gradients? Where does the pressure from each one come from?

Back 14

1. Atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure.

Front 15

What are the 3 physical factors that can affect pulmonary ventilation? Describe them.

Back 15

1. Airway resistance- anything that impedes the flow of air thru the respiratory tract.

2. Aveolar surface tension- attraction between the walls of aveoli due to the film of water covering internal surfaces.

3. Pulmonary compliance- ability of chest walls to stretch.

Front 16

What 2 things are external respiration in the lungs

Back 16

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

Front 17

What are 2 internal respiration in body tissues?

Back 17

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 18

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Back 18

Dissolved into plasma.

Front 19

Describe the peritoneum membrane and what kind of Tissue it has?

Back 19

It is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity consists of parietal and viseral layers. It consists of simple squamous tissue called mesothelium.

Front 20

Difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal?

Back 20

Intraperitoneal = organs located entirely within the peritoneal cavity• Liver, stomach, most of small & large intestine

Retroperitoneal (retro- = “behind”) = organs located partly or completely outside the peritoneal cavity

Front 21

What is submucosa?

Back 21

Layer of dense irregular connective tissues

Front 22

Nervous system components

Back 22

-Autonomic nervous system

- Sympathetic NS – slows motility • Parasympathetic NS – increases motility- Enteric Nervous System (ENS) - Network of sensory & motor nerves

Front 23

Whats plexus

Back 23

Network of nerve fibers

Front 24

What are gastric glands

Back 24

Secrete mucus, acid, hormones, and enzymes

Front 25

What are the 4 types of gastric gland cells?

Back 25

-Mucous cells (secrete mucus)

-Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)

-Parietal cells (secrete intrin)

- G cells (enteroendocrine cells)

Front 26

Where is the pancreas located and what are the 3 parts of it?

Back 26

-Located posterior to stomach (retroperitoneal)

• Has three parts: head, body, tail

Front 27

What are pancreatic acini?

Back 27

Organizational units made from pancreatic acinar cells

Front 28

what increases air turbulence to extract dust and debris from air traveling through the nasal cavity

Back 28

nasal conchae and meatuses

Front 29

the larynx lining transitions at the vocal cords from stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium to

Back 29

simple columnar epithelium

Front 30

why are the rings of cartilage surrounding the trachea c-shaped

Back 30

they allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing, allow it to change diameter during breathing

Front 31

the majority of the nasal cavity is lined with

Back 31

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Front 32

the volume that remains in the lungs after forced expiration is called what

Back 32

residual volume

Front 33

what sweeps foreign debris from the lower respiratory passages

Back 33

cilia

Front 34

which of the following reduces alveolar surface tension

Back 34

surfactant

Front 35

peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to

Back 35

PO2

Front 36

5 yr old charlie is so mad that hes holding his breath until he gets his way, what will stimulate his breathing rate to return to normal

Back 36

PCO2

Front 37

which of the following has the greatest influence on airway resistance in the passageways

Back 37

diameter of the conducting zone passaageways

Front 38

what happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure

Back 38

collapse

Front 39

which of the following triggers hyperventilation

Back 39

High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Front 40

air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

Back 40

greater than the atmospheric pressure

Front 41

vital capacity equals

Back 41

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and

expiratory reserve volume

Front 42

what is not true of the effects of hypoventilation

Back 42

hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases

Front 43

gas exchange happens in all of the following except

Back 43

terminal bronchioles

Front 44

what cells clean and digest debris entering the aveoli

Back 44

alveolar macrophages

Front 45

the process of respiration that moves air in and out of the lungs is

Back 45

pulmonary ventilation

Front 46

which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose

Back 46

lactase

Front 47

which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal

Back 47

esophagus

Front 48

peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon toward the distal large intestine are

Back 48

defecation

Front 49

damaged hepatocytes will impair

Back 49

bile production

Front 50

chief cells release

Back 50

pepsinogen

Front 51

which of the following catalyzes carbs in the mouth

Back 51

salivary amylase

Front 52

what is the final segment of the small intestine

Back 52

ileum

Front 53

the pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for

Back 53

duodenum

Front 54

which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach

Back 54

gastrin

Front 55

which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination

Back 55

microvili

Front 56

gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in the

Back 56

cystic duct

Front 57

what is the first process to occur in the digestive system

Back 57

ingestion

Front 58

what controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

Back 58

pyloric sphinter

Front 59

circular folds and intestinal villi

Back 59

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine

Front 60

which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of liver lobule

Back 60

central vein

Front 61

the layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the

Back 61

lamina propria

Front 62

which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion

Back 62

pancreas

Front 63

an intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is

Back 63

cholecystokinin

Front 64

large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the

Back 64

submucosa

Front 65

the bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

Back 65

dentin