Anatomy And Components Of The Leg, Ankle And Foot From Therapy Ed Book

Front 1

The bone that supports most of the weight and articulates with the condyles of the femur superiorly and the talus inferiorly

Has medial and lateral condyles that articulate with the femur

The superior surface is flat and consists of medial and lateral plateaus

Injury: fractures can occur most frequently in the middle of this bones shaft at its narrowest part.

Fractures may result from a direct blow (e.g., when the bumper of a car strikes the leg)

Because this bone has a relatively poor blood supply, even stable, undisplaced fractures can take up to 6 months

Back 1

Tibia

Front 2

The bone of the leg that is mainly for muscle attachments and provides some ankle joint stability

Acts as a support for the tibia especially for bending and twisting motions. The distal end forms the lateral malleolus that lies more inferior and posterior than the medial malleolus

Back 2

Fibula

Front 3

A membrane that connects the shafts of these bones

Back 3

Interosseous

Front 4

Has a facet inferiorly for the head of the fibula

Back 4

Lateral condyle

Front 5

A bony structure that is anterior and the pateller ligament or tendon attaches to it

Back 5

Tibial tuberosity

Front 6

The distal end of the tibia is smaller, had facets for the fibula and talus, and projects medially and inferiorly

Back 6

Medial malleolus

Front 7

A tibia fracture that can occur from severe torsion during a skiing accident

Back 7

A spiral fracture

Front 8

Articulates with the tibia,fibula,calcaneus and navicular bones.

The saddle shaped superior surface bears the weight of the body

Back 8

Talus

Front 9

The largest bone of the foot and is first to ossify. It articulates with the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly

Back 9

Calcaneus

Front 10

The bone that is located between the head of the talus and three cuneiform bones

Back 10

Navicular

Front 11

The most lateral bone in the distal row of the talus that articulates with the calcaneus, cuneiform, navicular and fourth and fifth metatarsal bones

Back 11

Cuboid

Front 12

Each of these bones articulate with the navicular bone posteriorly and with base of its appropriate metatarsal anteriorly.

The lateral bone of the group articulates with the cuboid bone.

Back 12

Cuneiform bones

Front 13

The bases of these bones articulate with the cuneiform and cuboid bones and their heads articulate with the proximal phalanges

The heads bear some of the weight of the body.

Injury: violent inversion of the foot may result in avulsion of the tuberosity on the fifth bone of this group, and into which the peroneus (fibularis) brevis tendon inserts.

Back 13

Metatarsal bases

Front 14

There are 14 of them, the first digit or great toe has two; the other four digits have three each.

Back 14

Phalanges

Front 15

The four functional regions in the foot and ankle that contains 26 bones

Back 15

The ankle, the rearfoot, the mid foot and the forefoot

Front 16

A ankle syndesmosis joint of the ankle that is between the distal tibia and fibula

Stabilized by the inferior transverse ligaments, the interosseous ligament, and the posterior tibiofemoral ligaments

Movements: the fibula rotates laterally with dorsiflexion to accommodate the wider portion of the talus.

Injury: in severe ankle injuries, a trimalleolar fracture, which is a fracture of both malleoli and the inferior tibia, may occur

Back 16

Distal tibiofibular joint

Front 17

An ankle/rearfoot joint formed by the tibia, the fibula, and the talus

A single uniaxial modified hinge joint with a concave surface between the medial malleolus, distal tibia, and lateral malleolus

The convex surface of the talus fits into this surface

Movements: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Injury: this joint is the most frequently injured major articulations in the body

The most common injury is an inversion sprain to the lateral ligaments of the ankle

Back 17

Talocrural joint

Front 18

The ligaments that support the talocrural joint

Back 18

Medially via the deltoid ligament, laterally via the calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament, anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Front 19

A rearfoot joint formed between the talus and calcaneus, is a synovial joint with an oblique axis that allows triplanar motion

Movement: open-chain pronation consists of eversion, dorsiflexion and abduction of the calcaneus

Open-chain supination consists of inversion, plantarflexion and adduction of the calcaneus

Back 19

Subtalar joint

Front 20

Ligament support of the subtalar joint

Back 20

Medial/lateral collateral ligaments

Posterior/lateral collateral ligaments

Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Front 21

Calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, naviculocuboid, naviculocuneiform, and intercuneiform are all of what region in the foot?

Back 21

Midfoot joints

Front 22

A midfoot saddle-shaped joint

Back 22

Calcaneocuboid joint

Front 23

A midfoot ball and socket joint

Back 23

Talonavicular joint

Front 24

Both of these joints are supported by the deltoid, dorsal talonavicular, calcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid ligaments

Back 24

Calcaneocuboid and talonavicular midfoot joints

Front 25

The joints between the cuneiform bones, the cuboid, and navicular bones are what type of joints?

Back 25

Plane synovial joints

Front 26

Movements of the midfoot joints

Back 26

Inversion and adduction, eversion and abduction

Front 27

The tarsometatarsal (TMT), intermetatarsal (IMT), metatarsophalangeal (MTP), and interphalangeal (IP) are all apart of what region of the foot?

Back 27

Forefoot joints

Front 28

Forefoot joints that are plane synovial joints

Back 28

TNT and IMT

Front 29

Joints in the forefoot that are condyloid synovial joints

Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Back 29

MTP joints

Front 30

Joints of the forefoot that are uniaxial synovial hinge joints

Movement: flexion and extension

Back 30

IP joints

Front 31

Pronation/supination, and reciprocal plantarflexion/dorsiflexion of the forefoot occurs from what components of the forefoot?

Back 31

The first and fifth metatarsal around the longitudinal axis

Front 32

Work as a functional unit during weight-bearing activities and gait

Dynamic muscle control and static ligamentous restrain provide the mobility needed to absorb large forces and the stability to propel the body

Back 32

The foot and ankle

Front 33

During dorsiflexion this joint slides posteriorly on the tibia, wedging into the convex surface and adding the joint stability and decreasing joint mobility

Back 33

Talocural joint

Front 34

During this movement the talus of the talocrural joint slides anteriorly and disengages from the tibia/fibula, increasing mobility of the joint and decreasing joint stability

Back 34

Dorsiflexion

Front 35

This joint being utilized in closed-chain activities, pronation consists of calcaneal eversion with plantarflexion and adduction of the talus on the calcaneus

In gait, the pronated joint allows the foot to conform to irregular surfaces and when supinated the joint acts as a rigid lever that allows propulsion

Back 35

Subtalar joint

Front 36

Subtalar joint in weight bearing supination consists of...

Back 36

Calcaneal inversion with dorsiflexion and abduction of the talus on the calcaneus

Front 37

Pronation of the subtalar joint causes this rotation of the tibial

Back 37

Tibial Internal rotation

Front 38

Supination of the subtalar joint causes this tibial rotation

Back 38

External tibial rotation

Front 39

This occurs when the forefoot joint twists into supination

Back 39

Twists into supination with first metatarsal dorsiflexion and fifth metatarsal plantarflexion

Front 40

This occurs when the forefoot joint twist into pronation

Back 40

Twists into pronation with first metatarsal plantarflexion and fifth metatarsal dorsiflexion

Front 41

Many of the muscles of the lower leg, foot and ankle cross multiple joints, and the function of the muscles depends on what?

Back 41

On whether the activity is open or closed chain

Front 42

A posterior superficial muscle that crosses the knee and ankle and in open chain causes knee flexion

Back 42

Gastrocnemius

Front 43

A posterior superficial muscle that crosses only the ankle joint and with the gastrocnemius causes ankle plantarflexion

Back 43

Soleus

Front 44

A deep posterior muscle that is a plantarflexor and ankle inverter in open-chain movements

Back 44

Posterior tibialis

Front 45

The main function of the posterior tibialis in this closed-chain movement is to control the forward motion of the tibia on the ankle during midstance of gait along with the help of two other deep posterior muscles

Back 45

The posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus control the forward motion of the tibia on the ankle during midstance of gait

Front 46

Lateral muscles that both contract concentrically to evert the foot and ankle

Back 46

Fibularis (peroneus) longus and Brevis

Front 47

This lateral muscle also pronates the subtalar joint

In closed-chain this muscle supports the transverse and longitude arches, and stabilizes the first metatarsal during push-off

Back 47

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

Front 48

This lateral muscle stabilizes the mid tarsal joint

Back 48

Fibularis (peroneus) Brevis

Front 49

Anterior muscles that extend the toes and dorsiflex the ankle in open-chain movements

In closed chain these muscles contract eccentrically to control plantarflexion as the foot goes from heel strike to foot flat in gait

Back 49

Extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus

Front 50

The arches that run from the calcaneus to the metatarsal heads

Back 50

The longitudinal arches

Front 51

The intrinsic muscles that stabilize the mid tarsal joint and forefoot

Back 51

Flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, lumbricals on the plantar surface and extensor hallucis brevis on the dorsal surface

Front 52

This arch is dynamically stabilized by the action of the fibularis (peroneus) longus, posterior tibialis and the intrinsic muscles. Statically, this arch is supported by the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Back 52

The medial atch

Front 53

This arch is supported by the long plantar ligament

Back 53

The lateral longitudinal arch

Front 54

This arch is formed by the cuneiform and cuboid bones and is supported by the metatarsal heads and a musculoligamentous complex, which prevents the metatarsal from spreading out

Back 54

The transverse arch

Front 55

This artery can be palpated on the dorsum of the foot, where the arty passes over the navicular notch and cuneiform bones just lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon

Essential to palpate this pulse to rule out possible intermittent claudication

Back 55

Dorsalis pedis artery