Anatomy - Abdominal Wall

Front 1

what defines the abdomen superiorly?

Back 1

xiphoid process, costal margin, and twelfth rib

Front 2

what defines the abdomen posteriorly?

Back 2

vertebral column

Front 3

what defines the abdomen inferiorly?

Back 3

bony pelvis

Front 4

the most superior part of the iliac crest corresponds with which vertebral level?

Back 4

L4

Front 5

which structures, from anterior to posterior, separate the abdominal cavity from the true pelvic cavity?

Back 5

pubic symphysis, pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, and promontory of the sacrum

Front 6

at which vertebral level is the umbilicus found?

Back 6

L3/L4

Front 7

what is the medial boundary of the rectus sheath?

Back 7

linea alba

Front 8

what is the lateral boundary of the rectus sheath?

Back 8

semilunar line

Front 9

which structure of the abdomen forms the boundary between the abdominal wall and the thigh?

Back 9

inguinal ligament

Front 10

to what area does epigastric refer? Periumbilical? Suprapubic?

Back 10

area superior to the umbilicus; area around the umbilicus; area inferior to the umbilicus and superior to the pubic bone

Front 11

what are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

Back 11

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Front 12

by which planes are the abdominal quadrants defined?

Back 12

medial plane and transumbilical plane

Front 13

if you draw a line from umbilicus to right ASIS, what is the name for the point 2/3 down this line? Which area does this mark? Tenderness or pain here is indicative of what?

Back 13

McBurney's point; cecum and appendix; appendicitis

Front 14

what are the names for the two layers of superficial fascia present in the inferior portion of the abdomen?

Back 14

Camper's fascia (fatty) and Scarpa's fascia (membranous)

Front 15

is Scarpa's fascia synonymous with the deep fascia?

Back 15

NO! Do not confuse this -- Scarpa's fascia is the deep layer of superficial fascia

Front 16

what becomes of the superficial fascia of the abdomen inferior to the abdominal region?

Back 16

it extends over the pubic region and into the perineal region

Front 17

in females, which layer of the superficial fascia extends into the labia majora? What is the name for the membranous layer in the genitals of females?

Back 17

both; superficial perineal fascia (Colles' fascia)

Front 18

in males, which layer of the superficial fascia extends into the genital region? What is the membranous layer called here?

Back 18

membranous only; superficial perineal fascia

Front 19

what is the name for the superficial perineal fascia lining the penis? The scrotum?

Back 19

penile fascia; dartos fascia

Front 20

lateral to the perineal region, does the membranous layer extend into the thighs? What happens to it?

Back 20

no; it fuses with the deep fascia of the thigh that is continuous with the deep fascia of the abdomen

Front 21

what is the name for the deep fascia of the thigh?

Back 21

fascia lata

Front 22

what are the names of the three layered muscles of the abdomen?

Back 22

external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

Front 23

which two aspects are present in each of the three layered muscles of the abdomen?

Back 23

muscular and aponeurotic

Front 24

what is the name for the long straight muscles in the center of the abdomen?

Back 24

rectus abdominis

Front 25

by what is the rectus abdominis bordered?

Back 25

aponeurosis

Front 26

what forms the midline of the rectus abdominis?

Back 26

linea alba

Front 27

what forms the lateral border of the rectus abdominis?

Back 27

semilunar line

Front 28

what are the names of the rectus abdominis attachments anteriorly to the rectus sheath?

Back 28

tendinous intersections

Front 29

what is the name for the layer of fascia deep to the rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis muscles?

Back 29

transversalis fascia

Front 30

the transversalis fascia overlies which structure in the abdomen?

Back 30

parietal peritoneum

Front 31

what is the name for the serous layer that lines the abdominal cavity?

Back 31

parietal peritoneum

Front 32

the abdominal muscles are helpful in increasing intra-abdominal pressure. Which activities require an increase in intra-abdominal pressure?

Back 32

coughing, vomiting, singing, defecation, urination, and childbirth

Front 33

which abdominal muscles are involved in flexing the trunk?

Back 33

rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique

Front 34

which abdominal msucles are involved in rotation of the trunk?

Back 34

internal and external obliques

Front 35

other than increasing intra-thoracic pressure, flexing the trunk, and rotating the trunk, what are the 2 other functions of the abdominal muscles?

Back 35

provide support for the lower back and support and protect the abdominal viscera

Front 36

what is the insertion of the 3 layered abdominal muscles?

Back 36

linea alba

Front 37

what is the name of the fibrous compartment formed by the aponeuroses of the layered abdominal muscles which encloses the rectus abdominis?

Back 37

rectus sheath

Front 38

what is the medial border of the rectus sheath? The lateral border?

Back 38

linea alba; semilunar line

Front 39

what are the two major sources of blood supply for the abdominal wall?

Back 39

descending aorta and epigastric arteries

Front 40

what are the names of the branches of the aorta which supply blood to the abdominal wall?

Back 40

posterior intercostal and subcostal branches

Front 41

between which two layers of muscles in the abdomen do the posterior intercostal and subcostal branches run?

Back 41

internal oblique and transverse abdominis

Front 42

which part of the abdominal wall do the posterior intercostal and subcostal branches supply, for the most part?

Back 42

layered abdominal muscles

Front 43

which arteries supply the rectus abdominis for the most part?

Back 43

epigastric arteries

Front 44

the epigastric arteries travel in the rectus sheath superficial or deep to the rectus abdominis?

Back 44

deep

Front 45

the superior epigastric artery is the terminal branch of which artery? It enters which part of the rectus sheath?

Back 45

internal thoracic; superior

Front 46

the inferior epigastric artery is a branch of which artery? It enters which part of the rectus sheath?

Back 46

external iliac artery; inferior

Front 47

the epigastric arteries anasttomose with which other arteries?

Back 47

with each other and with branches of abdominal aorta (posterior intercostal and subcostal)

Front 48

what are the names of 2 minor arterial branches which contribute to the blood supply for the abdominal wall?

Back 48

musculophrenic and circumflex iliac arteries

Front 49

the composition of the rectus sheath changes at a landmark inferior to the umbilicus called what?

Back 49

arcuate line

Front 50

the anterior layer of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line is formed by which aponeuroses?

Back 50

external oblique and 1/2 of internal oblique aponeuroses

Front 51

the posterior layer of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line is formed by which aponeuroses?

Back 51

deep half of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Front 52

what lies deep to the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis?

Back 52

transversalis fascia

Front 53

inferior to the arcuate line, which aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis?

Back 53

external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

Front 54

inferiot to the arcuate line, with what are the rectus abdominis muscles in contact posteriorly?

Back 54

transversalis fascia

Front 55

what forms the arcuate line?

Back 55

the abrupt change in the location of the internal oblique and transversu abdominis aponeuroses

Front 56

the innervation of the abdominal wall is formed by which nerves?

Back 56

intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve, and VPR of L1

Front 57

from which vertebral levels do intercostal nerves arise?

Back 57

T7-T11

Front 58

what are the 2 branches of the VPR of L1 spinal nerve?

Back 58

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

Front 59

where on the dermatome is the T7 nerve innervation?

Back 59

just inferior to the xiphoid process

Front 60

where on the dermatome is the T10 nerve innervation?

Back 60

at the umbilicus

Front 61

where on the dermatome is the T12 nerve innervation?

Back 61

at the suprapubic region

Front 62

where on the dermatome is the L1 nerve innervation?

Back 62

upper medial thigh and genitalia

Front 63

which aspect of the abdominal wall do the superficial veins drain? Deep veins?

Back 63

superficial fascia; muscles and deep tissue

Front 64

what is the name for the superficial veins of the abdominal wall?

Back 64

thoracoepigastric veins

Front 65

do the thoracoepigastric veins form longitudinal or latiitudinal venous channels in the superficial fascia?

Back 65

longitudinal

Front 66

the venous channels in the superficial fascia which are formed by the thoracoepigastric veins drain superiorly into which veins? Inferiorly to which veins? Medially to which veins?

Back 66

axillary; femoral; paraumbilical

Front 67

which veins, the deep or superficial, have the same names as the corresponding arteries in the abdominal wall?

Back 67

deep

Front 68

the deep veins drain superiorly to which vein? Inferiorly? Posteriorly?

Back 68

subclavian; external iliac; IVC and azygos system

Front 69

oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the foetus through which vessel?

Back 69

umbilical vein

Front 70

does the umbilical vein travel inferiorly or superiorly on the internal surface of the abdominal wall?

Back 70

superiorly

Front 71

what happens to the umbilical vein when it arrives at the liver?

Back 71

it becomes enclosed by the inferior edge of the falciform ligament and merges with the portal vein

Front 72

what is the name of the remnant of the umbilical vein after birth?

Back 72

ligamentum teres hepatis

Front 73

how does deoxygenated blood from the foetus arrive at the placenta?

Back 73

via the umbilical arteries

Front 74

from which arteries does the umbilical artery arise?

Back 74

internal iliac arteries

Front 75

where does the umbilical artery exit the abdominal cavity?

Back 75

umbilical cord

Front 76

what becomes of the umbilical artery after birth?

Back 76

fibrous remnants of the umbilical arteries called medial umbilical ligaments produce folds in the peritoneum known as the medial umbilical folds

Front 77

what is the name for the blind-ended sack connecting the rudimentary bladder which is contained in the umbilical cord?

Back 77

allantosis

Front 78

when the lumen of the allantosis obliterates, what is the name for the remnant?

Back 78

urachus

Front 79

where in the abdominal wall can the urachus be seen? What is the name for the structure in the abdominal wall?

Back 79

on the internal aspect extending from the bladder to the umbilicus; it produces the median umbilical fold in the peritoneum

Front 80

where do the inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheath?

Back 80

on the deep surface of the rectus abdominis muscle

Front 81

before entering the rectus sheath, what happens to the inferior epigastric vessels?

Back 81

they travel superiorly between the transversalis fascia and peritoneum producing folds in the peritoneum known as the lateral umbilical folds