Anatomy :abdomen And Gastrointestinal System

Front 1

Large, lower body cavity lying within the abdominal walls, extending from the lower surface of the diaphragm (roof) to the upper surface of the pelvic diaphragm (floor)

Back 1

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Front 2

serous membrane lining the abdomino-pelvic cavity and covering most of its internal organs

Back 2

peritoneum

Front 3

Describe where mesothelium is found in the body, its embryonic origin, and cell type

Back 3

Pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, and covers male and female internal repro organs.

Derived from the embryonic mesoderm cell layer, that lines the coelom (body cavity) in the embryo.

Simple squamous except cuboidal in areas of injury, the milky spots of the omentum, and the peritoneal side of the diaphragm. Luminal side covered with microvilli.

Front 4

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

Back 4

Liver, kidneys, part of duodenum, pancreas

Front 5

greater sack in the abdomen also known as?

Back 5

Peritoneal cavity

Front 6

Define intraperitoneal

Back 6

completely surrounded by peritoneum including mesentary. (double peritoneal layer surrounding blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves that attaches to the abdominal wall)

Front 7

Define mesentary

Back 7

double peritoneal layer surrounding blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves that attaches to the abdominal wall

Front 8

Define retroperitoneal

Back 8

organs that are only partly covered by peritoneum (e.g. pancreas) or are embedded in fat behind the peritoneum (kidneys):

Front 9

What are the two layers of peritoneum?

Back 9

Parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

Front 10

GI tract is from what germ layer and is divided in what three original areas?

Back 10

Endoderm.

Foregut, Midgut, and Hindgut

Front 11

What main branch of the descending aorta is primarily associated with the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

Back 11

Celiac a., Superior Mesenteric a., and Inferior mesenteric a. respectively

Front 12

Name four areas from which arteries come to supply blood to the esophagus.

Back 12

Branches from Subclavian a., thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta via the Celiac a., and inferior phrenic as.

Front 13

Name the path of blood as if goes from the subclavian a. to the esophagus.

Back 13

Subclavian a-->thyrocervical trunk-->inferior thyroid a.-->esophageal branches

Front 14

Name the branches directly off of the thoracic aorta that are involved in supplying blood to the esophagus.

Back 14

posterior intercostal, bronchial, and esophageal branches

Front 15

Name the two paths of blood as if goes from the abdominal aorta to the esophagus.

Back 15

abdominal aorta-->celiac trunk.-->left gastric a.-->esophageal branches
AND
abdominal aorta-->inferior phrenic-->esophageal branches

Front 16

What is the lesser omentum?

Back 16

double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.

Front 17

What is the greater omentum?

Back 17

a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach. It extends from the greater curvature of the stomach, passing in front of the small intestines and reflects on itself to ascend to the transverse colon before reaching to the posterior abdominal wall.

Front 18

What are plicae circulares?

Back 18

internal circular folds in the lumen of the bowel. They slow the passage of the food along the intestines, and afford an increased surface for absorption. They are covered with small fingerlike projections called villi, each which, in turn, is covered with microvilli. The microvilli absorb fats and nutrients from the chyme.

Front 19

Name the anatomical parts of the stomach from top to bottom

Back 19

Cardiac part of stomach, body of stomach (inferior to fundus and between lesser and greater curvature), Pyloric region including pyloric antrum and pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter (sphincter receives symp innervation from celiac ganglion)

Front 20

What are the folds in the internal surface of the relaxed stomach?

Back 20

rugae

Front 21

What is the function of gastric rugae?

Back 21

provide the stomach with increased surface area for food. When food enters the stomach, these rugae fold and become stretched in. The purpose is to allow it to expand. This therefore allows expansion in volume of the stomach without increased pressure.

Front 22

Where is the myoelectric pacemaker located?

Back 22

High on the greater curvature of the stomach.

Front 23

What is the function of the myoelectric pacemaker and what autonomic branch innervates it

Back 23

Peristalsis (concerted contractions of smooth muscle lining the lumen which pushes food/chyme forward and prevents back flow).

Parasympathetic

Front 24

Where is the spleen developed?

Back 24

The dorsal mesogastrium

Front 25

What attaches the spleen to the stomach?

Back 25

The gastrosplenic ligament

Front 26

What are the functions of the spleen?

Back 26

-Removes old red blood cells
-Holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock
-Recycles iron.
-Synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp
-Removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation.
-Contains half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp.

Front 27

Which main artery supplies blood to the stomach?

Back 27

The celiac artery

Front 28

Describe 3 paths of blood flow from the celiac artery to the stomach.

Back 28

1) Celiac a.--> Left gastric
2) Celiac a.--> splenic a.--> posterior gastric, left gastro-omental, short gastric
3) Celiac a.--> common hepatic a.--> right gastric, gastroduodenal-->right gastro-omental

Front 29

Describe anastamoses around the stomach.

Back 29

Left gastro-omental (from splenic a.) and right gastro-omental (from common hepatic a.-->gastroduodenal)
ALSO,
Left gastric (from celiac a.) and right gastric (from common hepatic a.)

Front 30

What is the largest gastric artery?

Back 30

Left gastric a.

Front 31

What is the relationship between the Duodenum and the pancreas?

Back 31

The Duodenum surrounds the pancreatic head.

Front 32

What are four parts of the Duodenum?

Back 32

Superior, Descending, Horizontal, and Ascending parts

Front 33

What is significant about the Superior Part of the Duodenum?

Back 33

It contains an ampulla which bears the mesentery called the Hepatoduodenal Ligament

Front 34

The Hepatoduodenal Ligament is part of which larger structure?

Back 34

The lesser omentum

Front 35

The Hepatoduodenal ligament carries which vessels? (3)

Back 35

The common bile duct, the hepatic portal vein, and the hepatic artery proper

Front 36

Which vessels make up the Portal Triad?

Back 36

hepatic artery proper
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct

Front 37

The hepatoduodenal ligament connects which two areas?

Back 37

The porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum

Front 38

What is significant about the descending part of the Duodenum?

Back 38

It receives the outflow from bile and pancreatic ducts fvia the hepatopancreatic ampulla through the greater duodenal papilla.
The lesser duodenal papilla receives outflow from the accessory pancreatic duct.

Front 39

Which organ makes bile?

Back 39

The liver

Front 40

What is bile?

Back 40

aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine

Front 41

How does bile work?

Back 41

Bile salt anions have a hydrophilic side and a hydrophobic side, and therefore tend to aggregate around droplets of fat (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic towards the outside

Front 42

Which organ stores bile?

Back 42

The gallbladder.

Front 43

What controls the secretion of bile?

Back 43

The Hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)

Front 44

Where is the horizontal part of the Duodenum in relation to the superior mesenteric a.?

Back 44

Horizontal part is posterior to the Superior Mesenteric a.

Front 45

What is significant about the Ascending part of the Duodenum?

Back 45

The ligament of Treitz (a suspensory ligament).

Plicae Circulares

Front 46

Describe the occurrence of plicae circularis in the GI tract.

Back 46

Starts in the Ascending part of the Duodenum, found abundantly in the Jejunum, and less in the Ileum until not at all.

Front 47

Describe the blood supply to the Duodenum.

Back 47

Supplied by the celiac actery and the superior mesenteric artery.
-Celiac a.-->common hepatic a.--> gastroduodenal a.--> anterior and posterior branches of the superior pancreaticoduodenal a. which anastomoses with ant. and post. branches of infer. pancreaticoduodenal a. from superior mesenteric artery.

Front 48

What is the largest organ of the body besides the skin?

Back 48

The liver

Front 49

What are the functions of the liver?

Back 49

Processes lipids, carbs, and AAs absorbed from GI tract.
Detoxifies blood
Produces serum albumen and bile
Breaks down hemoglobin from expired RBCs.

Front 50

What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

Back 50

The coronary ligament

Front 51

What structure separrates the lobes of the liver?

Back 51

The falciform ligament

Front 52

What is the significance of the round ligament?

Back 52

Used to be part of the umbilical vein, bringing oxygenated blood to the developing fetus.

Front 53

Through which neurovascular structure does nutrient-rich blood enter the liver?

Back 53

The hepatic portal vein

Front 54

Through which structure does bile leave the liver?

Back 54

The bile ducts. (L and R bile ducts converge into the common bile duct)

Front 55

Which vascular structure supplies oxygenated blood to the liver?

Back 55

The hepatic artery proper.

Front 56

Describe the path of blood from the descending aorta to the heart (through the liver).

Back 56

Descending aorta--> celiac a.-->Common hepatic a.--> Hepatic artery proper-->left and right hepatic as. --> sinusoids of liver--> right and left hepatic veins --> inferior vena cava --> Right atrium of heart.

Front 57

Where is the gall bladder found?

Back 57

In the cystic fossa between R&L lobes of liver

Front 58

Describe the path of bile from the liver, to the gall bladder, to the duodenum.

Back 58

Right and Left bile ducts--> common bile duct --> cystic duct--> gallbladder --> cystic duct--> common bile duct through hepatoduodenal ligament (pancreatic duct converges) -->hepatopancreatic ampulla--> descending part of duodenum via greater duodenal papilla.

Front 59

Describe the path of blood from the descending aorta to the gallbladder.

Back 59

Descending aorta-->celiac a. --> Common hepatic a. --> Hepatic artery proper --> right hepatic artery --> cystic a.-->gallbladder

Front 60

What are the relationships of the uncinate process on the head of the pancreas?

Back 60

It lies inferior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the aorta, superior to horizontal part of Duodenum.

Front 61

Neck of pancreas overlies superior mesenteric artery and vein and portal vein at which vertebral level?

Back 61

L1/L2

Front 62

Which side of the body's midline is most of the pancreas?

Back 62

left

Front 63

What supplies blood to the head, body, and tail of the pancreas?

Back 63

Head--anterior and posterior branches of the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from celiac axis and sup. mesenteric a.)

Body--Splenic artery branches (great, inferior, and dorsal pancreatic as.)

Tail--Splenic, gastro-omental and dorsal pancreatic arteries

Front 64

What major artery supplies blood to the jejunum and ileum?

Back 64

Superior mesenteric artery

Front 65

The vasculature that links adjoining jejunal and ileal branches are called what?

Back 65

Arcades

Front 66

What connects arcades to the small intestine?

Back 66

vasa rectae

Front 67

Jejunum is approx. what fraction of small intestine?

Back 67

2/5

Front 68

Describe arcade and vasa rectae of jejunum.

Back 68

few large arcades and long vasa rectae

Front 69

Ileum is approx what fraction of small intestine?

Back 69

3/5

Front 70

Describe arcade and vasa rectae of ileum.

Back 70

many small arcades, short vasa recta

Front 71

What are the parts of the colon in order?

Back 71

cecum w/ appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon

Front 72

With obstruction, where will the large intestine usually tear?

Back 72

The cecum, b/c it has the largest diameter, therefore, greater pressure

Front 73

Which portions of the large intestine have mesenteries?

Back 73

transverse and sigmoid colon

Front 74

What does the greater omentum fuse to?

Back 74

Greater curvature of the stomach, transverse mesocolon on transverse colon, and the posterior abdominal wall

Front 75

What is the name of the artery that anastomoses between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries?

Back 75

The Marginal artery

Front 76

What is the general pattern of blood supply to the colon? (Colic Arteries)

Back 76

The superior mesenteric a. supplies the ascending and transverse colon via the middle colic, right colic, and ileocolic arteries

The inferior mesenteric a. supplies the descending and sigmoid colon via the left colic a., sigmoid arteries, and superior rectal a.

Front 77

How many flexures and transverse rectal folds in the rectum?

Back 77

3 (supreior, middle, and inferior rectal valves)

Front 78

Describe epithelium in rectum and anus.

Back 78

Rectum: simple columnar
Anus: stratified squamous

Front 79

What "line" separates the rectum and anus?

Back 79

The dentate line

Front 80

What structures does the anal canal include?

Back 80

The dentate line, anal glands, internal and external sphincter muscles, and hemorrhoidal veins

Front 81

Describe blood supply to rectum.

Back 81

Upper Rectum: Superior rectal a. (from inferior mesenteric)

Middle and Lower Rectum: Middle and inferior rectal as. (from internal iliac a.)

Front 82

What is unique about the construction of the Hepatic Portal Vein, compared to other veins?

Back 82

It has NO valves.

Front 83

Which veins combine to make up the hepatic portal vein?

Back 83

Superior Mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein

Front 84

The hepatic portal vein is contained within which mesenteric structure?

Back 84

The hepatoduodenal ligament (part of the lesser omentum).

Front 85

Right and Left Hepatic Veins drain where?

Back 85

Inferior vena cava

Front 86

What is the pattern of lymph drainage around the GI tract?

Back 86

lymph nodes from GI viscera--> nodes around base of supplying artery--> higher nodes (inferior mesenteric nodes-->sup. mesenteric nodes--> celiac nodes)-->thoracic duct-->junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

Front 87

Why do some patients with colon cancer sometimes suddenly get the more-fatal lung cancer?

Back 87

Metastisized cancer cells travel through the lymphatic pathway to the subclavian vein, to the superior vena cava, into the heart, and then into the lungs.

Front 88

Which fibers innervate the GI tract?

Back 88

Para/pre from vagus to foregut and midgut

Para/pre from pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) to hindgut (descending and sigmoid colon, rectum)

Sym/Post from preaortic abdominal ganglia

Visceral Afferent (VA)--
1) Vagal Afferents (stretch, reflex, pain, satiety, chemo receptors)
AND
2)Segmental Visceral Afferents which travel alongside sympathetic efferents in thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves (referred pain).

Front 89

Where are para/post ganglion cells found?

Back 89

Myenteric plexuses of smooth muscle layers of organ