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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 4 anatomical lobes of the liver
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Right, left, quadrate, and caudate
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Where is the quadrate lobe located?
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on the visceral surface between the gall bladder and the falciform ligament
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Where is the caudate lobe located?
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On visceral surfaces between inferior vena cava and the falciform ligament
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What are the functional lobes of the liver?
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Right and Left lobe
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Which anatomical lobes are contained in which functional lobes?
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Right functional -- right anatomical
Left functional -- left anatomical, quadrate and caudate |
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What is the porta hepatis?
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entrance/exit on inferior side of liver for hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery and hepatic duct
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What are the coronary ligaments of the liver?
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lines of reflection of the visceral peritoneum onto the diaphgragm
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What does the coronary ligaments define?
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The bare area
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What is the falciform ligament the remnant of?
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Ventral mesentery
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What is the ligamentum teres hepatis attached to?
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The falciform ligament
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What is the embrological origin of the ligamentum teres hepatis?
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The umbilical vein
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Where is the liver most likely to get infected?
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at the bare area
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What caused the bare area?
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the visceral peritoneum covered the liver everywhere except where it fused with the diaphragm
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What is glissons capsule?
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collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver
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Where is Glissons capsule exposed?
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At the bare area
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What are the boundaries of the triangular ligament/
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lateral fusion of the anterior and posterior coronary ligaments
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How many triangular ligaments are there?
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2 - one on the right and left
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What are 3 recesses adjacent to the liver? superior to inferior
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Subphrenic recess
Hepatorenal Recess Subhepatic Recess |
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Which recess is the lowest point during supination/
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The hepatorenal recess (Morison's pouch
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Name the parts of the small intestines.
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1. Duodenum
2. Jejunm 3. Ileum |
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What is the esophagus accompanied with when it goes through the diaphragm?
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the anterior and posterior vagal trunks
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What is the point where the esophagus joins the stomach called?
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The cardiac region -- gastroesophageal junction
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What is a hiatal hernia?
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the movement of the cardiac portion of the stomach up into the thorax
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Why is the junctions of the stomach realtively fixed?
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The gastroesophageal is fixed bc it passes through the diaphgram
The gastro-duodenal because the duodenum is partly retropariteneal (sections 2 and 3) - 1 and 4 are intraperitoenal |
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What is to the left of the stomach?
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The spleen
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What is to the right of the stomach?
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The quadrate and left lobe of the liver
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What is anterior to the kidney?
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1. anterior abdominal wall
2. left costal margin 3. diaphragm |
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What is posterior to the kidney?
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1. diaphragm
2. left suprarenal gland 3. upper pole of left kidney 4. pancreas 5. left colic flexure |
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What do the right and left hepatic duct do?
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moves bile made in the liver into the small intestines by each draining a functional lobe of the kidney and combining to from the common hepatic duct
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What does the right and left hepatic duct drain respectively?
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Each drains their respective functional lobe
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Where is the gall bladder
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embedded in the inferior side of the right lobe of the liver
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What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
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stores and concentrates bile
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What is the cystic duct?
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The duct from the gall bladder entering into the common hepatic to create the common bile duct
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Where is the sphincter of Oddi?
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in the common bile duct
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What is the impotance of the sphincter of Oddi/
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allows bile to back up in the common bile duct and flow into the gall bladdre
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What is the head of the pancreas adjacent to?
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the descending part of the duodenum
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What is the body and tail of the pancreas adjacent to?
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The spleen
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What are the sections of the duodenum?
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Rostral horizontal, decsending, caudal horizontal, and ascending
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Where is the esophagus located relative to the midline/
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To the left
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What is the boundaries of the fundus of the stomach/
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Everything that is above the esophageal sphincter
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What is the duodenal papilla?
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Where the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct enters the small intestines
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Where is the duodenal papilla located on the duodenum/?
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the descending
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What does secondarily retroperitoneal mean? What organs?
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Started out interperitoneal but then during development they get pushed against the body wall and become retroperitoneal -- pancreas and 2nd and 3rd parts of the duodenum
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What does the main pancreatic duct do?
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secrete pancreatic digestive enzymes into the GI tract at teh duodenal papilla
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Where does the accessory pancreatic duct empty ?
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If present into the duodenum --proximal to the main pancreatic duct
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What also occurs at the duodenojejunal junction?
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the small intestines go from retro to interperitoneal
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How long is the small intestines?
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20 feet
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What is 60% of the small intestines?
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jejunum
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Which part of the small intestines has mesenteric windows?
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The jejunum
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What is a Mesenteric Window?
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Keeps fat away from the intestinal wall
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Does the ileum have Mesenteric windows?
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NO - fat approaches the intestinal wall
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Where does the large intestines start/end?
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Start - ileocecal junction
End -anus |
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What does the large intestines include?
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1. Appendix
2. colon 3. rectum 4. anal canal |
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What is the taeniae coli? What is the effect of having these?
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A long longitudinal band that is shorter than the colon- caused the colon to bunch
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What is the small sections, produced by the taeniae coli called?
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The haustra
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What is the advantage of having hausta?
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Each haustra helps promote water reabsorption
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What are the appendages epiploicae/
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Small tags of fat attached to the taeniae coli
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What marks the location to switch from midgut to the hindgut?
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The splenic flexure
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What supplies blood to the digestive tract?
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branches off the aorta - celica truck, superior mesentary and inferior mesentary
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What artery supplies the foregut?
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The celiac artery
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What artery supplies the midgt?
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The superior mesenteric
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What artery supplies the hindgut?
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The inferior mesenteric
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Where is the abdominal aorta relative to the inferior vena cava
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to the left
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Where does the celiac artery come off the aorta?
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at T12
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What is the celiac artery surrounded by?
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A celiac plexus-- an autonomic plexus of nerve fibers and postganglionic neurons
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What is the first unpaired artery off the abdominal aorta?
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The celiac artery
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What is the second unpaired branch off the aorta?
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The superior mesenteric artery
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Where does the superior mesenteric artery branch off the aorta?
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at L1
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What is the 3rd unpaired branch off the aorta?
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The inferor mesenteric artery
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Where is the inferior mesenteric artery located relative to the aorta?
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3-4 cm above the bifurcation of the aorta L4
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What are the paired branches off the aorta?
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1. inferior phrenic artery
2. renal artery 3. lumbar arteries 4. testicular/ovarian 5. common iliac |
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How many lumbar arteries are there?
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5 segmental arteries --supply posterior body wall
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What are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta?
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The common iliac artery
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What are the branches off the common iliac artery?
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external iliac artery and internal
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What are the 3 branches off the celiac trunk/
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1. left gastric artery
2. splenic artery 3. common hepatic artery |
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Where is the left gastric artery?
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on the lesser curvature of stomach
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What artery is embedded in the superior border of the pancreas
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splenic artery
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What artery is along the left side of the greater curvature of the stomach/
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The left gastroepiploic
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What is the largest branch off of the celiac trunk?
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The common hepatic artery
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What are the 3 main branches of the common hepatic artery/
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1. Right gastric artery
2. Gastroduodenal artery 3. proper hepatic artery |
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What is the artery of the embryonic midgut?
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the superior mesenteric artery
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What does the superior mesenteric supply/
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1. duodenum
2. pancreas 3. ileum 4. jejunum 5. large intestines to the splenic flexure |
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What is the most important branch off the superior mesenteric? Why?
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The marginal artery -becuase it supplies good collateral circulation to large intestines
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What distinguishes the ileum blod supply from the jejunum?
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The jejunum has fewer arcades and longer vasa recti
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What does the inferior mesenteric supply?
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the large intestines distal to the splenic flexure and the proximal portion of the rectum
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What are the major branches off the inferior mesenteric?
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1. left colic artery
2. signmoid artery 3. superior rectal artery |
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What does the inferior vena cava drain?
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the lower limbs, trunk, kidneys, and gonads
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What feeds into the inferior vena cava?
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the common iliac veins, renal veins, lumbar veins, and right gonadal vein
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Where does the left gonadal vein drain?
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Into the left renal vein
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What drains into the hepatic portal vein?
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the superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, and inferior mesenteric vein
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Why is venous interstinal blood carried to the liver?
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for storage, metabolism, and detoxification
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Where does the hepatic portal vein divert blood from and to/
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Diverts blood from the gastrointestinal system, pancreas, and spleen for enzymatic processing by the liver
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What two veins join to form the hepatic portal vein?
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1. superior mesenteric vein
2. splenic vein (which already has the inferior mesenteric vein) |
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What vein typically drains into the splenic vein prior to it joining with the superior mesenteric vein?
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The inferior mesenteric vein
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After filtration through the liver, blood drains into the IVC through what?
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the hepatic veins
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Why is it important for the liver to have a good collateral circulation?
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because the return of the blood through the liver may become obstructed for a number of reasons
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What are the names of the alternate pathways in the liver/
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the portocaval anastomoses
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How many portocaval anastomoses are there?
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4
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When are portocaval anastomoeses evident?
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when there is a blockage of the venous drainage to or from the liver
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What is a result of a blockage of the portal system?
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flow is reversed --flows from the portal system into the caval/systemtic system causing an enlargement of the caval vessels
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What are hemorrhoids?
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enlargement of rectal vessels
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What are esophageal varices?
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enlargement of teh esophageal veins
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What are caput medusa?
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enlargement of teh paraumbilical/epigastric veins
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Where are the kidneys/
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on the posterior abdominal wall in the paravertebral gutter around the level of the upper 3 lumbar vertebra
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Which kidney is a little higher than the other? What does its upper portion overlap with/
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The left - its upper pole overlaps with the diaphragm
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What creates the outer portion of the kidney/
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Renal cortex
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What does the renal cortex contain?
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contains the glomeruli for blood filtration
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What are the renal columns an extension of?
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renal cortex
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What creates the inner portion of the kidney?
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renal medulla
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What creates the renal medulla?
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composed of renal pyramids
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What is the purpose of the renal pyramids?
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contains tubules ducts for water resorption
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Where is the renal papillae located?
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located at the apex of the renal pyramids
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Where does the renal papillae extend down into?
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extends into the first of the excretory apparatus - the minor calyx
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What does the minor calyx receive blood from/
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receives from a SINGLE renal papilla
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What forms a major calyx?
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several minor calyxs
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What does several major calyces join to form?
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a renal pelvis
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What does the renal pelvis continue as?
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the ureter
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What is contained in the renal sinus?
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contains the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, fat, vessels, and lymphatics
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Where are 3 constrictions that kidney stones may become constricted?
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1, narrowing of pelvis to ureter proper
2. where the ureter crosses the common iliac artery bifurcation before bending down into the pelvis 3. penetration of the bladder wall |
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How are ureters supported relative to the peritoneal?
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retroperitoneal
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How is blood supplied to the renal and vesical arteries/
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segmentally
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What are kidney stones made out of?
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crystal aggregations form in the kidney from dissolved urinary minerals
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What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
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flank, lower abdomen and groin pain, blood in urine
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What is the treatment for kidney stones?
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usually pass on their own or can be surgically removed
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What is the kidney's blood supply?
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renal arteries - no substantial collateral circulation from other arteries
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What is each kidney surrounded by/
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a layer of perirenal fat
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What is the perirenal fat surrounded by/
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posterio and anterior layers of renal fascia
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Which kidney is more likely to be damaged?
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The right because it more inferior than the left - it is left protected by the rib cage
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Where does the kidneys extend from on the rib cage?
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from the 11/12th rib to L3
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Fracture of what rib could damage the kidneys?
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11/12
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Where are the adrenal glands located ?
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superior to the kidneys
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What are the renal glands divided into and what does each secrete?
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Outer cortex -- steroid hormones
Inner medualla - catecholamines |
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What 3 muscles are on the posterior abdominal wall?
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1. quadratus lumborum
2. psoas major 3. iliacus |
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What forms the lumbar plexus?
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ventral primary rami L1-4 and a contribute T12
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What levels has the Iliohyposgastric nerve?
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T12- L1
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What does the iliohypogastric nerve?
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cutaneous innervation of posterolateral gluteal region and suprapubic area
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What vertebral spinal levels are in the ilioinguinal nerve?
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L1
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What does the Ilioinguinal nerve?
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cutaneous innervation of proximal medial thigh and scrotum/ mons pubis
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What is the vertebral spinal levels in the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
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L2-L3
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What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?
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cutaneous innervation of lateral side of thigh
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What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate?
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cutaneous innervation of genitalia and thigh, genital branch joins spermatic cord to innervate cremaster muscles
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What are the vertebral spinal levels in the femoral nerve?
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L2-L4
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What does the femoral nerve innervate?
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the anterior region of thigh
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What are the spinal levels in the obturator nerve?
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L2-L4
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What does the obturator nerve innervate?
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medial side of thigh
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What are the spinal levels in the lumbosacral trunk?
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L4-L5
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What does the lumbosacral trunk innervate?
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contrubutes fibers to sacral plexus
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What are the names of the abdominal autonomic plexuses?
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1. celiac plexus
2. superior mesenteric plexus 3. intermesenteric plexus 4. inferior mesenteric plexus 5. superior hypogastric plexus 6. inferior hypogastric plexus |
