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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Functions of the respiratory system.
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Gas Exchange
Regulation of pH Voice Production Olfaction - smell Innate Immunity - born with |
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The nasal cavity extends from the _______ to the _____.
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Nares to the choane
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Divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
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Nasal Septum
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Forms the floor of the nasal cavity.
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Hard palate
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Seperates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
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Hard palate
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Three prominent bony ridges in the nasal cavity.
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Conchae or turbinates
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Functions of the nasal conchae (turbinates).
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Increase the surface area of the nasale cavity allowing more are for the moistioning and warming of air.
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Name the 4 Paranasal sinuses
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Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoidal sinuses
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What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
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Reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.
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What is the Pharynx?
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The common passageway of bothe the respiratory and digestive systems.
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Divisions of the Pharynx
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx laryngoparynx |
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Forms the floor of the nasopharynx
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Soft palate
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Pharyngeal tonsils are located in the ________ part of the _________.
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In theposterior part of the nasonpharynx
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The oropharynx extends from the ______ to the _______.
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Uvula to the epiglottis
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The larygopharynx passes _______ to the larynx and extends form the tip of the _____ to the ______.
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Posterior to the larynx
Epiglottis to the esophagus |
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3 unpaired cartilages of the Larynx
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Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis |
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Vestibular folds
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False vocal cords
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Vocal folds
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True vocal cords
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A membranous tube that consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle, reinforced with 16-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage
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Trachea
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Funtion of the c-shaped cartilage of the trachea.
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Protection and maintenance of an open passageway for air.
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Function of the cilia in the trachea
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propel mucus produced by goblet cells, as well as foreign paticles, toward the larynx where they enter the esophagus and are swallowed.
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Function of goblet cells.
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Produce mucus
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The principal organs of respiration.
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The lungs
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The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___.
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right - 3
left - 2 |
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Gas exchange with blood occurs MAINLY where
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Across the walls of the aveoli.
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What happens in an Asthma Attack?
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Contraction of smooth muschle in the terminal bronchioles resulting in greatly reduced air flow.
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What is Emphysemia?
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Air trapping - Alveolar Sacs have lost their elasticity in the walls and can not recoil for exhalation.
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What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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Emphysema plus chronic bronchitis
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Two phases of ventilation
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Inspiration/Inhalation
Expiration/Exhalation |
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Uses ATPs due to contraction of the diaphragm
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Inspiration
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Air flows from areas of _______ pressure to areas of _______ pressure.
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Higher pressure to lower pressure.
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What is the formula that indicates the following; as the volume in a container increases the pressure decreases and vice versa?
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V is proportional to 1/P (inverse proportion)
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Two reasons lung tend to collapse
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1) Elastic fibers in the connective tissue of the lungs
2) Surface tension |
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Two reasons that the lungs do not normally collapse;
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1) Surfactant reduces surface tension
2) Pleural pressure in the pleural cavity is less than alveolar pressure. |
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What is RDS in infants?
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome - premature baby that has not made any surfactant yet to reduce surface tension.
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What is a pneumothorax?
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Air trapped in the thoracic cavity
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Formula for vital capacity
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VC = TV + IRV + ERV
(vital capacity = Total Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume) |
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The name for all of the areas in which gas exchange between air and blood occurs
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Respiratory Membrane
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The major area of gas exchange
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Alveoli
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The volume of the passageways where gas exchange between blood and air does NOT occur
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Dead space
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Gas exchange across the respiratory membrance is influenced by:
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1) Respiratory membrane thickness
2) Surface area 3) Partial pressure (diffusion) |
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What percentage of the oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
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98.5%
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How is oxygen transported?
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98.5% in hemoglobin
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How is CO2 transported?
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70% is transported as bicarbonate ions, 23% in combination with blood proteins (primarly hemoglobin)
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What effect does a rapid rate of respiration have on blood pH?
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CO2 going out which makes the blood alkaline (pH goes up)
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What effect does holding one's breath have on blood pH?
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Holding CO2 in causes pH to go down.
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Low CO2 + low H+ makes pH go _____??
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UP
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High CO2 + high H+ makes pH go ______??
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Down
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Normal rate of respiration in adults
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12 - 20 respirations per minute
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Normal rate of respiration for a child
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20 - 40 respirations per minute
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Hering-Bruer reflex
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Prevents over-inflation of the lungs
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What is the major chemical regulator of respiration?
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Formula of how CO2 is transported in the blood
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CO2 + H2O yields H2CO3 yields H+ + HCO3 (also goes in reverse, from HCO3 back to CO2 + H2O
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Prevents over-inflation of the lungs - inhibits the respiratory center when the lungs are stretched during inspiration
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Hering-Bruer reflex
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The major chemical regulator of respiration -
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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5 functions of the digestive system
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Take in food
Break down the food Absorb digested molecules Provide nutrients Eliminate waste |
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Innermost layer of the digestive tract
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Mucosa
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Thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, small blood vessels and glands - lies just outside the mucosa
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Submucosa
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Consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
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Muscularis
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The fourth tunic or outermost layer is called
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Serosa (peritoneum) or adventia (in areas not covered by the peritoneum)
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Involved in mastication and speech
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The lips and cheeks
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The three pairs of salivary glands
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Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
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Which portions of the pharynx transmit food?
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The oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
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Regulate movement of food into and out of the esophagus
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Upper and lower esophageal sphincters
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What is a hiatal hernia?
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The stomach herniates through the enlarged opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus
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Vital capacity of adult females
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20% to 25%
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5 functions of the digestive system
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Take in food
Break down the food Absorb digested molecules Provide nutrients Eliminate waste |
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The innermost lining of the digestive tract.
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Mucosa
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Lies just outside the mucosa - it is a thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, small blood vessels and glands
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Submucosa
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Consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
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Muscularis
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Outermost layer of the digestive tract
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The serosa (peritoneum) or the advntia (in areas not covered by the peritoneum)
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