Anatomy

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Anatomy

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Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure

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Physiology

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scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

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Gross or Macroscopic

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structures examined without a microscope

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Regional

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studied area by area

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Systemic

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studied system by system

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Surface

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external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

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Microscopic

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structures seen with the microscope

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Cytology

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cellular anatomy

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Histology

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study of tissues

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Developmental

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development of a species over time (ex. fetal development->infancy->adolescence->adulthood->old age

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Cell Physiology

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examines processes in cells

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Neurophysiology

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focuses on the nervous system

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Cardiovascular

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the heart and blood vessels

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Pathology

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structural and functional changes caused by disease

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Exercise Physiology

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changes in structure and function caused by exercise (looking at what happens when you tell the body what to do

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Chemical Level

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interaction of atoms

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Cell Level

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structural and functional unit of living organisms

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Tissue Level

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group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

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Organ Level

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one or more tissues functioning together

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Organ System Level

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group of organs functioning together

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Organism Level

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any living thing

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Integumentary System

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provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D, consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

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Skeletal System

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Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

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Muscular System

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produces body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

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Lymphatic System

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Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance , and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

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Respiratory System

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exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

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Digestive System

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performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs, gives fuel

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Urinary system

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removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

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Female Reproductive System

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produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milker the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structure (not essential to life)

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Male Reproductive System

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produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

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Nervous System

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a major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

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Endocrine system

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a major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones

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Cardiovascular System

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transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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X-ray

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shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph

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Ultrasound

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second oldest imaging technique, uses high frequency sound waves, which are emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed on the skin over the area to be scanned

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Computed Tomography (CT)

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computer-analyzed x-ray images, low intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360 degree arc around the patient, the images are fed into a computer

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Dynamic Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

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3-D radiographic image of an organ

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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can identify the metabolic states of various tissues, useful in analyzing the brain

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Homeostasis

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the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world

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Set Point

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the ideal normal value of a variable

set point of body temperature: 98.6F

pH level: 7.4

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Receptor

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monitors the value of some variable, picks up message

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Control center

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establishes the set point, need to do something->decides what to do

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Effector

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can change the value of the variable, causes effect

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stimulus

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deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor, get away from set point

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response

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produced by the effector

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Positive Feedback

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when deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater (ex.childbirth), keeps increasing, increase level of hormones, causes more and more until something happens (ex ovulation)

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Negative Feedback

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main purpose: to maintain homeostasis