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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Examining structure of the Human Body |
-inspection -palpation -auscultation -percussion |
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cadaver dissection |
-cut or separate tissues to show relationship |
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comparative anatomy |
-study of species to examine similarities, differences, evolution |
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exploratory surgery |
-open body to look inside |
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medical imaging |
-to see the inside of the body without surgery --radiology: branch of medicine about imaging |
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gross anatomy |
-study of structures seen with naked eye |
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cytology |
-study of cell functions and structures |
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histology |
examine cells with microscope |
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ultrastructure |
the molecular detail seen in electron microscope |
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histopathology |
microscopic examine of tissues for signs of disease |
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neurophysiology |
physiology of nervous system |
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endocrinology |
physiology of hormones |
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pathophysiology |
mechanisms of disease |
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cardiology |
physiology of heart |
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comparative physiology |
-limits human experimentation -study of species to learn about funstions ---animal surgery ---animal drug tests |
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hippocrates |
"father of medicine" -code: "hippocratic Oath" ---for physicians to seek natural causes of disease instead of gods and demons |
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aristotle |
-one of the first philosophers to write a+p - believed that diseases had either supernatural or physical causes -believed complex structure are built from simpler parts |
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theologi |
-supernatural causes of disease |
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physiologi |
-natural causes for disease |
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claudius Galen |
-physician
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Avicenna from Muslim world |
-"the Galen of Islam" -wrote the Canon of Medicine |
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Maimonides Jewish physician |
-advocate of the "Golden Mean" moderstion in all things |
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Andreas Vesalius |
-taught anatomy -first atlas of anatomy, "Structure of the Human Body" |
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William Harvey |
-realized blood flows out and from heart and back to it again -published book, "On the Motion of the Heart" |
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Michael Servetus |
-discovered that blood must circulate continuously around the body from the heart and back again |
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Robert Hooke |
-improves compound microscope -2 lenses: -ocular (eyepiece) and objective (near specimen) lens -first to name cells -first book "Micrographia" |
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek |
-invented simple (single lens) microscope with magnification (200X) |
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Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe |
- + condenser and superior optics on compound microscopes |
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Matthias Schleidon and Theodor Schwann |
-cell theory (1839) --all organisms were composed of cells |
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Francis Bacon and Rene Deescartes |
-invented basically scientific method |
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Modern Medicine |
-germ theory of disease -genetic revolution: library of the molecular structure of every gene |
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visualization techniques |
1. X-ray 2. Computerized tomography 3. Dynamic spatial reconstruction 4. Digital subtraction angiography 5. Positron emission tomography 6. Sonography 7. Magnetic resonance imaging 8. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 9. functional MRI 10. M2A swallow able imaging capsule |
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x-rays |
-by William Roentgen
-penetrate soft tissues -radiopaque can be injected or swallowed for gastrointestinal tract - |
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Computerized tomography
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1)Cat scans (axial) -2) CT scan -an image of slice of your body ex: tumors, aneurysms, hemorrhage, kidney stones |
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Dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR) |
-takes videos of changes that occur over time ex: blood vessel |
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Digital substraction Angiography (DA) |
- blood vessel --Cerebral vertical accident (CVA) |
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Positron emission tomography (PET scan) |
-injected with radioactive substance -Sugar + mark show and it shows the most active cells -injects radioactive glucose emits positrons -shows colliding positrons + electrons give off gamma rays -color image included |
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ultrasound sonography |
-60's -throw a sound + it bounces back -high- frequency ultrasound waves echoes - for abdominal pain -least invasive |
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Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) |
-magnetic field aligns hydrogen atoms. -radio waves realign the atoms -when radio off, atoms give off energy depending on tissue -better than CT for soft tissue |
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) |
-detects the biological changes of specific diseases |
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Functional MRI |
-blood oxygen utilization measured |
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M2A swallowable imaging capsule |
-its a camera -takes pictures |
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Valves in veins |
-prevent blackflow of blood -Microvilli expand surface area to maximize absorption |
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Microvilli |
extensive folding of cellular outer membrane |
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What pushes blood back to heart? |
- it's the skeletal muscle -veins are thinner walls -respiratory movement also helps |
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function of kidney |
-eliminates waste -200 L of blood in kidney in a day -1L of urine comes off -199 L is going to be absorbed for circulation by microvilli |
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Anatomical Variation |
-70% common structure -30% anatomically variant -variable number of organs -variation in organ locations |
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Physiological Variation |
-sex, age diet, weight, physical activity |
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reference man |
-22 years old, 154 lbs, 2800 kcal/day |
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reference woman |
-22 years old, 128 lbs, 2000 kcal/day |
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Characteristics of Life |
-Organization -Cellular composition -Metabolism -Development -Reproduction -Evolution -Responsiveness and movement -Homeostasis |
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anabolism |
-up |
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catabolism |
-down |
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homeostasis |
-the body's ability to detect change -maintains relatively stable internal conditions |
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Claude Bernard (1813-78) |
-constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions |
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Walter Cannon (1871- |
-coined the term homeostasis -negative feedback keeps variable close to the set point -loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death |
