A&p Exam 1

Front 1

dravet syndrome

Back 1

epilepsy due to disorder in ion channels

Front 2

kcnq2 channelpathy

Back 2

diseased caused by m-channel suppresion (ion channel)

Front 3

vesillude

Back 3

opening to outside (ion channel)

Front 4

speed of carrier vs ion channel

Back 4

slow and ez to change vs fast harder to controll

Front 5

occlusion cite

Back 5

part of alternating access model of transport protein, conformation were solute isnt accecable inside or outside

Front 6

Na/K pump

Back 6

atp to attach 3Na-->atp for conformation change to outside-->Na off outside K on

Net: 2K into cell, 3Na outside cell

Front 7

primary trans

Back 7

direct use of atp for active trans

Front 8

secondary trans

Back 8

other solutes concentration drives movement via antiport or symport

Front 9

parkinson/hemiglegin

Back 9

pump not working right, slow deterioration vs fast onset

Front 10

glucose/na trans

Back 10

symport: Na and glucose come inside cell

-requires na/k pump to bring back to equilibrium

Front 11

exchange epithelia

Back 11

single layer with pores

Front 12

transport epithelia

+location

Back 12

controll in/out flow

-kidney, exocrine glands

Front 13

transport epithelia structure

+shape

Back 13

apical and basolateral membrane with tight junctions (everything has to go transcellularly)

-columnar or cuboidal

Front 14

ciliated epithelia strucutre

+shape

+found

Back 14

microvilli or cilia on columnar epithelia

-columbar or cuboidal

-uterus, trachea, nose

Front 15

secretory epithelia

+shape

Back 15

mucus, glands, endocrine, exocrine

-columnar epithelial, 1+ layers

Front 16

merocrine

Back 16

secretion via vesicular exogenesis

Front 17

apocrine

Back 17

cytoplasm and secretant secreted together

Front 18

holocrine

Back 18

entire cell lost, cell burst and released

Front 19

sebacious gland

Back 19

on hair follicle release sebum (oil) via holocrine extrection

Front 20

subcontanious layer

Back 20

fat cells under skin

Front 21

basement membrane

+composition

Back 21

bottom of epithelial tissue, comprised of collogen, laminea, proteoglycan

Front 22

layers of skin

Back 22

apical surface>epithelia>basement membrane( basal lamina>reticular lamina)>connective tissue

Front 23

reticular lamina

Back 23

reticular fiber, fibronectin, glycoproteins (part of basal membrane)

Front 24

tight junction

Back 24

adhesian belt, prevents movent of H2O around cells

Front 25

adhering junction

+composition

Back 25

gives support to cells by encircling them

actin filiments

Front 26

zonula adherans

Back 26

adhering junciton aka

Front 27

desmosomes

+types

Back 27

dont encircle, tie cells together so no lateral movement

-button desmosomes (allow bending )

-hemidesmosomes=binds cell to basal lamina

Front 28

macula adherans

Back 28

aka desmosomes

Front 29

gap junction

+2

Back 29

allow rapid communication among cells for cell growth, elictical, embiotic, tissue homeostasis

controlled via calcium

Front 30

shape of exchange epithelia

+location

+features

Back 30

flattene/ one cell layer

-lungs, vessals

-pores prevent ez passage of materials

Front 31

protective epithelia

+shape

+found

+feature

Back 31

protection

-flattened surface deeper more polygonal, multi layer

-skin and cavities

-connected via desmosomes

Front 32

portien secreting secratory epithelia vs steriod secreting

Back 32

protien=extensive RER

steriod=extensive SER

Front 33

ground substance

Back 33

protein and carbs with salt and water

Front 34

EDS syndrom

Back 34

too much collogen in bones results in too much flexibility

Front 35

FOP disease

Back 35

bone growth unchecked with stem cells

repair causes bone growth

Front 36

areolar ct

+structure

Back 36

underneath all epithelium

-no organizes structure, mix of colagen,reticular and ellastic fiber

Front 37

reticular ct

Back 37

supports other types of cells, contains type 3 collagen, high levels of reticular fiber

-skeleton like properties of support

Front 38

fibroblasts

Back 38

cell that synthesizes reticular fiber

Front 39

loose ct

Back 39

areolar, adipose, reticular ct

-less fiber with more ground substance

Front 40

reticular cells

Back 40

fibroblasts that form reticular fiber in retiuclar ct

Front 41

adipose ct

+2 types

Back 41

brown=infants for temp reg, multi layer droplets

white=pids droplets huge and still within cell

Front 42

fluid ct

Back 42

erythrocytes leukeocytes, platelets, plasma

Front 43

dence ct

Back 43

more fiberous, tendons, ligaments

-regular, irregular, illastic

Front 44

regular ct

Back 44

tendons, denselly packed cartilage with fibroblasts and low ground substance

Front 45

irregular ct

Back 45

collogen fibers, fibroblasts, more ground substance

Front 46

elastic ct

Back 46

branched elastic fibers, fibroblasts, stretch under tension

Front 47

supporting ct

Back 47

carilage and bone

Front 48

cartilage ct

Back 48

hyaline, firbocartilage, elastic

Front 49

nervous tissue

Back 49

nuerons and neuroglia

Front 50

nueroglia

Back 50

support nuerons change properties of nuerons via chemicals

Front 51

epithelia ecm

Back 51

minimal ecm

Front 52

ct ecm

Back 52

extensive ground fiber

Front 53

cartilage feature

Back 53

avascular

Front 54

muscle tissue ecm

Back 54

minimal external lamina (ECM)

Front 55

nervous tissue ecm

Back 55

minimal external lamina ECM

Front 56

metaplasia

Back 56

change in cell to something else (change cell type with smoker)

Front 57

neoplasia

Back 57

uncontrolled cell growth-cancer

Front 58

apoptosis initiated by

Back 58

cytochrome c in mitochondria

Front 59

hyperplausia

Back 59

inc in cell without change muslce size -->steroids

Front 60

coronal

Back 60

left and right ear plane

-seperates posteriour/antiriour

Front 61

sagittal

Back 61

nose and belly button

-seperates right and left

Front 62

midsagittal

Back 62

nose and belly button

-seperates left from right into equal halfes

Front 63

transverse plane

Back 63

divides body into superior inferiuor parts

cut along waist

Front 64

hematoposis

Back 64

blood cell production in bone

Front 65

modulus

Back 65

graph of strain=x, stress=y

Front 66

elastic region

Back 66

linear relat of stress vs strain before yield point

Front 67

plastic region

Back 67

nonlinear relat with increasing stress per unit strain past yield point

Front 68

hysterosis

Back 68

force applied to plastic region. when force reduced orginal shape is lost

Front 69

stiffness

Back 69

slope of stress vs strain, flatter=more flexible

Front 70

brittle

Back 70

little plastic region before failure

Front 71

strain

Back 71

change in height/orginal height of bone

Front 72

ductile

Back 72

high plastic region before failure, opposite of brittle, ex. metals

Front 73

touchness

Back 73

high total energy before failure

Front 74

anisotrophy

Back 74

material with different properteis when weight is applied at diff angles --bone

Front 75

viscoelastic

Back 75

both viscosity and elastic, strenth varies from diff speed of loading

Front 76

osseus bone

Back 76

bone tissue (includes spongy and compact)

Front 77

canaliculi

+function

Back 77

ssified channels in compact bone from lucunae (houses osteocyte) to center

+communication with other cells, exchange N waste, co2, 02

Front 78

central canal

Back 78

hole in center to allow for blood flow and nerves adn communication with canaliculi-->osteocytes

Front 79

lamella

Back 79

concentric layers of bone around central canal

Front 80

lucunae

Back 80

house of osteocyte

Front 81

ca in bone called

Back 81

hydrooxyapetite

Front 82

cortical

Back 82

=compact bone

Front 83

trabecullar

Back 83

=cancellous, spongy boe

Front 84

structure of spongy bone

Back 84

has order, latticed

Front 85

osteoprogenitor cell

Back 85

turns into osteoblasts, first part of its developement

Front 86

osteoblast

Back 86

form bone matrix and some become osteocytes if they stay encased in bone lucunae

Front 87

osteocyte

Back 87

maintain bone in matrix

Front 88

osteoclast

+structure

Back 88

opposite of osteoblast, rebsorbs bone tissue

-ruffled border="tentacles" for scrubbin gbone with hcl

Front 89

chondroblasts

Back 89

make cartilage, form ecm which i scartilage, form chondrocytes if embedded in cartilagenous matrix

Front 90

interstitial growth

Back 90

growth from within cartilage (chondrocytes) chondrocytes divide in lucunae and produce more ecm once grown

Front 91

appostional growth

Back 91

chondrocytes) stem cells from perichondrium divide-->chondroblast-->chondrocytes produce ecm of catilage-->turn in chondrocytes

Front 92

damage to hyaline cartilage-->

Back 92

replaced with scar tissue fibrocatilage

-limited repair due to lack of blood supply

Front 93

ossification

Back 93

transformation of tissue to bone

Front 94

intramembrious ossification

+steps (4)

Back 94

used by flat bones of skull,clavicle, mandible, development system of bone

Step 1: ossification of center from osteobasts in mesenchyme

Step 2: osteoid undergoes calcification

Step 3:woven primary bone+surrounding perosteum form

Step 4: lamellar (secondary bone) replace woven primary bone-->strong and compact bone form

Front 95

lamallar vs woven bone

Back 95

lamallae and organized parallely vs scattered

Front 96

endochondrial ossification

+steps (4)

Back 96

developement of bone starting with hyaline cartalge model (perichondrium=dence irregular cart-->periostium

-step 1: chondrocytes divide in epiphysis

-step 2: chondrocytes make cartilage

-step 3: old chondrocytes die and leave empty space

-step 4:as old chodrocytes die osteroblast occupy empty space left behind

Front 97

epiphysis

Back 97

round end of long bone (ball looknig thing)

Front 98

diaphysis

Back 98

between epihpysis (long parts of bone)

Front 99

___regulates calcium

Back 99

thyroid gland

Front 100

parathyroid hormone

Back 100

when low Ca

-mobilizes Ca in bone, increases renal reabsorbtion

-releases calicitrol-->inc intestinal absorbtion of Ca

Front 101

calcitonin

Back 101

Ca levels high

-incrase renal excretion

Front 102

parathyroidectomy

Back 102

used when low plasma Ca levels=high Na levels=high phosphate levels also

-symptoms=muscle tension of arm msucles

Front 103

osteogenesis infectus

Back 103

brittle bone cause of mutation cuasing kinked collogen, bone placed down wrong in curved fasion

Front 104

parietal bone

Back 104

top/back of head

Front 105

occipital bone

Back 105

back of head

Front 106

manibrium

Back 106

top of sternum

Front 107

foramen magnum

Back 107

foramena of skull to spine

-location determines if animal walks on two or 4 legs

Front 108

coronal suture

Back 108

frontal and parietal bones

Front 109

lambaloid suture

Back 109

between parietal and occipital, upside down v shaped

Front 110

sagittal suture

Back 110

between two parietal bones, up mid of skull sagitally

Front 111

squamous suture

Back 111

between temporal and parietal bones

Front 112

maxillary sinus

Back 112

each side of nose

Front 113

corona sinus

Back 113

inner nose sinus

Front 114

frontal sinus

Back 114

top of nose

Front 115

ethmoid sinus

Back 115

side of nose

Front 116

canial fossae

Back 116

depression of bone around brain to allow for brain to sit right

-anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

Front 117

xiphoid process

Back 117

bottom of sternum

Front 118

monubrium

Back 118

top of sternum

Front 119

centrum

Back 119

veticle body of spine, helps transfer weight

Front 120

vertebral arch

Back 120

articular process and transverse process of spine

Front 121

interverbal foraminae

Back 121

gaps in vertebrae for nerves to connect to spinal cord, between body and vertebral arch

Front 122

nucleus pulposis

Back 122

gel in the middle of spinal disk

Front 123

annulus firbosis

Back 123

fibrocartilage in interverbal disks

Front 124

histology

Back 124

part of microscope anatomy:study of tissues

Front 125

effectors

Back 125

muslces or glands that give tell body how to respond to diff stimuli (too hot=swetting)

Front 126

circadian rythms

Back 126

body ryths over 24 hour period (a biological rythm)

Front 127

thorasic cavity

Back 127

superiour to diaphram and in front on spine (were lungs are)

Front 128

abdominal cavity

Back 128

inferior to diaphram

superior to pelvic cavity

-stomach to just below lungs

Front 129

cranial cavity

Back 129

contains brain and lower brain parts like brain stem, also vertebral canal

Front 130

pelvic cavity

Back 130

inferior to abdominal cavity

sexual parts

Front 131

pleural cavity

Back 131

space between the membranes of the lungs

Front 132

pericardial cavity

Back 132

space between the hearts pericardium and otehr membrane

Front 133

mediastinum

Back 133

thoracic cavity besides the lung, contains heart trachea ect.

Front 134

oxytocin

Back 134

hormone released from cervical stretch causing further contractions (positive feedback ex of birth)

Front 135

parietal serous membrane

Back 135

double layered membrane that outlies thorax ect.

-parietal is out membarne

-visceral is innermembane

Front 136

peritonium

Back 136

serous membrane that outlines abdominal cavity

Front 137

pleura

Back 137

serous membrane of pleural cavity

Front 138

flux

Back 138

determined by distance, square root of time

Front 139

ficks law

Back 139

rate of diffusion=sa*conc gradient*permeability/membrane thickness

Front 140

hoff equation on osmosis

Back 140

osmotic pressure=n CRT

dissolvable part per molecule*conc*R*temp

Front 141

osmotic pressure of normal cells

Back 141

7.63atm

Front 142

tryp1

Back 142

ion channel that senses heat

Front 143

ciliated epithelia shape usually

Back 143

columnar

Front 144

kartegeners syndrome (PCD)

Back 144

inversion of organs due to cilia moving in wrong dirreciton

Front 145

endocrine glands composed of

Back 145

epithelial tissue via development

Front 146

goblet cells

Back 146

secrete muccus (ex of secretory epithelia

Front 147

acinas

Back 147

secretory portion of secretory gland (apposed to duct portion)

Front 148

parenchyma

Back 148

secretory epithelia, group of acinas clumped together

Front 149

merocrine common in

apocrine common in

holocrine common in

Back 149

-most common, pancreus, swet

-milk and underarm

-sebacious glands

Front 150

stratus cormeum

Back 150

outermost layer of epidermus

Front 151

basal lamina

Back 151

extracelluar matrix sectreted by cels (acellular by itself)

Front 152

pemiphegus vulgarus

Back 152

disorder in desmisomes causes skin to be easy to blister

Front 153

multipotent

Back 153

stem cells, generate any cell type

Front 154

bone breaking types(3)

Back 154

transverse, oblique and spiral( 90 degrees)

Front 155

hyaline cartilage

Back 155

no nerves/blood vessals, lots of collogen

articular catilage is hyaline

Front 156

firbocartilage

Back 156

firbous and cartelagenous tissue

is scar tissue

Front 157

elastic cartilage

Back 157

elastic fibers

outer ear

very flexible

Front 158

osteochondrial autographs

Back 158

take tissue from dead person and put it into bone for stem cells

Front 159

autolongous chondorycyte implantation

Back 159

take cells from other part of bone then put them in

Front 160

mesenschyme

Back 160

cell were new bone cells begin to grow in intramembrious ossification

Front 161

calcitrol

Back 161

parathyroid hormone makes this happen (low Ca levels) increase in intestinal absorbtoin of Ca

Front 162

osteopetrosis

Back 162

bones become harder, bones more brittle

Front 163

taung child

Back 163

human ancestor fossils in africa, recognized humanoid walked upright by foramen magnum

Front 164

metaphysis

Back 164

in between epiphysis and diaphysis

part of growth plate of long bone

Front 165

primary curvatures

Back 165

thorasic and pelvic

Front 166

secondary curvatures

Back 166

cirvical and lumbar

Front 167

best at secretion

Back 167

cuboidal