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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Superficial Senses
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Temperature
Pain Touch |
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Deep Senses
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Muscle length and tension
Joint Proprioception Pressure Vibration |
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Prosencephalon
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In embryology the forebrain from which the telencephalon and diencephalon develop
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Telencephalon
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Embryonic structures from which the cerebral hemispheres and rhinecephalon develop
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Diencephalon
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Part of the prosencephalon that is comprised of the *thalamus, *hypothalamus, *pituitary gland or hypothesis, *optic tract and *third ventricle
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Mesencephalon
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*midbrain compromised of the *cerebral aqueduct, *cerebral peduncles
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Cerebral Peduncles
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Stalk-like connecting structures seen in the anterior of the midbrain and incorporating both grey and while matter
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Rhombencephalon
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Incorporates the metencephalon (pons, crebellum and part of the 4th ventricle) and myelencephalon (*medulla oblongata and the 4th ventricle and the central canal that courses through the spinal cord)
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Basal Ganglia
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Incorporates grey matter areas deep within the brain, namely the caudate nucleus, the lentiform or lenticular nucleus (which is subdivided into the putamen and globus palllidus), the claustrum, and often also incorporated the substantia nigra, the subthalamic nucleus and red nucleus. Note Parkinsonism and Huntington's Chorea. Combine to ensure smooth coordinated movements.
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Thalamus
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Important relay station tha trecieves neural impulses from all parts of the body except for olfaction. Note the mamalary bodies adjacent to the optic chiasm.
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Mammillary Bodies
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Exert a powerful influence on hypothalamic function
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Periosteum
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Surrounds the bone/ adheres to it, protective lining of tissue
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Dura Matter
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"Tough matter", 1st most superficial of the menningies linings, made of 2 layers that are tightly bound, meningeal arteries course through
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Pons
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Anterior or the cerebellum, between midbrain (above) and medulla (below), contains ascending and descending motor and sensory tracts, and the nuclei of the cranial nerves. EXIT AND ENTRY FOR CRANIAL NERVES 5,6,7,8
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Anosmia
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Loss of sense of smell
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Hyposmia
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Diminished sense of smell
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3rd Ventricle
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Formed by walls of thalamus, connected to lateral ventricles by the way of theinterventricular foramen, connected to the 4th ventricle by cerebral aqueduct
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Corpus callosum genu
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(Knee) where it starts to change direction
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Limon
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Threshold between the insula and frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
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Hypophysis aka Pituitary Gland
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Located at bast of inferior surface of the brain, part of the ANS control of bodily growth and development, part of the ENDOCRINE system and therefore regulated other endocrine glands
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Digestive system
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Esophagus (directly below pharynx), accepts food from pharynx & squeezes food down PERISTALSIS, stomach, tongue, lips, mandible, soft palate (velopharyngeal port- stops food and liquid from entering nasal cavity)
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Muscular system
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Masseter (most powerful chewing muscle Mastication), orbicularis oris (encircle the lips) comples bay a lot of facial mucsles meet with this at all angles, superior longitudinal muscle (tongue- pulls the tip up), inferior longitudinal muscle (tongue- pulls tip down)
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Phonatory System
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Larynx (true vocal folds), thyroaretenoid muscles, lateral crycoartenoid muscles, interarytenoid muscles 1. oblique (paired) when they contract they being the posterior vocal chords together 2. transverse (single)
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Sagittal
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Cuts into right and left halves
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Calvaria
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Skull cap
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Respiratory system
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Cricoid cartilage- of the larynx (complete ring), Bronchi- branch off trachea into lungs, Trachea- 16 to 20 incomplete cartilage rings (means rough), Diaphragm- single muscle most important for inhalation (inverted bowl shape), Nostrils "nares"- anterior (nostrils) and posterior opening into nasal pharynx
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nervous system
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brain, spinal chord (CNS), cranial nerves (PNS) 12 nerves Example- 10th vagus, neuron, cell body- axon, dendrites
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Circulatory system
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Veins (to heart), Atreries (away from heart to organs) MCA middle cerebral artery, Aorta
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Vermis
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Interconnects the 2 halves of the cerebellum
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Substantia Nigra
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Part of the basil ganglia, MANUFACTURES DOPAMINE, important for smooth coordinated movement
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Central Canal
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Where the CSF travels through the spinal canal
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Anterior Grey Column
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Contains cell bodies, initiated motor activity, supports muscles
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Infundibulum
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Stalk of the pituitary gland
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Corona Radiata
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Fibers coursing down from the periphery and other areas of the cortex down to the internal capsule
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Arachnoid Villus aka Arachnoid Granulation
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Absorbs CSF (pulls nutrients in), plentiful in the medial and superior part of the arachnoid matter
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Mammillary Body
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Bulbous structure, involved in memory, continuation of the fornix
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Fornix
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Wxtension of the corpus collosum, main way of communication between hippocampus and hypothalamus and contains commissure fibers
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Motor Unit (cranial nerve)
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Nucleus of the cranial nerve, Axon, Myo-neural junction- between the muscle and axon and innervated the muscle, muscle
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Basil Ganglia
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Group of cell bodies intimately related to the controll of background movement and the initiation of movement patterns, contains grey matter filled with dopamine, Lack of dopimine causes 1) festinant gait, assoc. with parkinsons. Takes great effort to start movement and movement is fast and forced. 2) Festinant speech, rapid can not properly articulate, minimum movement of articulators
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Arachnoid Matter
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2nd layer (middle) of meningies, lining is lacy weblike structure, blood vessels for the brain pass through, no blood vessels of its own
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Corticospinal
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Fibers that originate in cortex and course to spinal cord to form the corticospinal tract
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Putamen
and Globus Pallidus |
Part of basil ganglia that attatch to and reflect back on the caudate body, together they form the LENTIFORM or LENTICULAR NUCLEUS (because their combined nuclei are lens-shaped)
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Fornix
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Extension of the corpus callosum, near- circle of myelinated fibers ending in the mammilary body, provides most of the communication between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus, contains commissural fibers that permit communication with the opposite hippocampus
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Substantia Nigra
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Structure within the midbrain, contains black substance DOPAMINE (neurotransmitter crucial to brain for normal movement), lack of dopamine = Parkinson's **Manufactures dopamine**
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3 Subdivisions of Internal Capsule
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Anterior limb, genu, posterior limb (see picture)
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Corpura Quadrigemina
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The 4 colliculus, 2 superior and 2 inferior, in the midbrain, superior for sight and inferior hearing
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Occipital Lobe Damage
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Visual Agnosia- inability to recognize familiar objects
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Longitudinal Fissure
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Separates 2 halves of the cerebrum, under it lies the corpus collosum
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Scotoma
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Blind Spots in vision
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Fascia
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Surrounds Organs, being a sheetlike membrane that mat be either dense of filmy, thin or thick, striated muscle is surrounded by PERIMYSIUM fascia thick enough that muscle can't be seen through it
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Corticobulbar
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Fibers coursing from cortex to brainstem (also called the bulb)
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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Horizontal dural shelf that divides the cranium into superior (cerebral) and inferior (cerebellar) regions, separates occipital lobe (above) from cerebellum (below)
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Anosmia
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Loss of sense of smell
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Origin of 10th Cranial Nerve
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Cranial nerve nucleus in the nucleus ambiguous of the MEDULA OBLONGATA, vagus nerve
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R-I-L-M
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Remaining Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles, with origin and insertion within the laryngeal structures, when the vagus nerve has a lesion in this area it results in vocal fold paralysis (harsh weak breathy voice)
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Aphonia
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No voice, weak voice, happens when vocal folds don't adduct
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Frontal Pole
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Most anterior part of the frontal lobe
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Interthalymic Adhesion
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Where the 2 halves of the thalamus join at the midline, 3rd ventricle
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Optic Radiations
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A group of fibers projecting to the calcarine sulkus for vision
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Falx Cerebri
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Falx = sickle (blade that's crescent shaped), comprised of dura matter, courses (down to the level of the corpus collosum) into the LONGITUDINAL FISSURE and separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres, at the tip point it attaches to the CRISTA GALI which is a superior extension of the ethmoid bone
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Olfactory Bulb
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Sits next to crista gali, sits over prortuding point of the ethmoid bone, allows olfactory nerve to course from nasal cavity and back up to the olfactory tract, the neucleus of the nerve that resides within the cranium at the base of the skill, part of the Rhinencephalon
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Rhineencephalon
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"Smell Brain"
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Medula Oblongata
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EXIT AND ENTRY FOR CRANIAL NERVES (9-12), decussation of the pyramids takes place here, important for control of heart rate of respiration, swallowing and vasoconstriction and dilation of veins and arteries
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Anterior Grey Column
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Contains cell bodies, mitiates motor activity, supplies muscles (check book)
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Broadman
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Main contributor to the "mapping" of cortical matter
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Cauda Equina
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"Horses tail" ends at filum terminal, talk like region beneath the conus medullans, no spinal cord segments are found here, region in which CSF samples are taken for medical testing
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Transitional Epithelium
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Pear shaped cells, lining of bladder, ect.
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Histology
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Study of tissues
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Cartilage
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Its tensile strength keeps fibers from separating easily when pulled, Its compressive strength lets it retain its form by being resistant to crushing, compressing force.
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Basic tissues of the human body
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1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) muscle 4) Nervous
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Physiology
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The study of function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processed involved
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Anterior or Ventral (for erect human)
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Front surface of the body
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Aponeurosis
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When a tendon is sheet-like, greatly resemble fascia but are much denser, will retain the longitudinal orientation of the connective tissue
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Trunk aka Torso
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Contains THORAX (chest region) and ABDOMEN, dorsal trunk = our back, hip bones = pelvis, atop the trunk is head or "caput"
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Transverse Section
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Cute body into upper and lower portions
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Posterior or Dorsal
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Back surface of the body
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peripheral
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Away from the center
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Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
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Levels of visibility of structures under study
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Distal and Medial
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Distal = away from the midline of a free extremity, Medial = toward the midline of a free extremity
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Adipose Tissue
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Type of areolar tissue thats highly filled with fat cells
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Pathological Anatomy
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Refers to changes in structure as they relate to disease
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Teratogen or Teratogenic Agent
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Ex: organic mercury, alcohol, tobacco, anything causing TERATOGENIS, the development of a severely malformed fetus (prenatal)
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Developmental Anatomy
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Studies the growth and development of the organism
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Prone and Supine
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Prone = on the belly
Supine = on the back |
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Osteology
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Study of form and function of bones
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Axial Skeleton
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Consists of the trunk and the head with the spinal column being the axis
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Myology
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Examines the muscle form and function
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Proximal
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Refers to a point near the point of attachment of a free extremity
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Cuboidal (cubical) Epithelium *simple epithelium
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Cube shaped, secretory function in some glands such as thyroid
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Frontal Section
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Cuts the body into front and back halves
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Cytology
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Study of cells
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Upper and lower limbs and extremities
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Superficial
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Nearer or at the surface of the body
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Flexion
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Bending at a joint which brings ventral surfaces closer together
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Extension
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Bending at a joint which moves ventral surfaces further apart
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Superior vs. Inferior
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Superior: refers to an elevated or up position
Inferior: Closer to the ground |
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Bone
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The hardest of connective tissue, hardness comes from the inorganiz salts that comprise a large portion, Compact: sheet like structure Spongy: porous, contains the marrow
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Descriptive anatomy
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Related the individual parts of the body to functional systems
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Plantar
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Sole of the foot (ventral surface)
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Arthrology
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Study of the joint systems for bones
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Anatomy
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Study of the structure of an organism
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Respiratory system
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Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, oral cavity
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Articulatory system
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Tongue, soft palate (velum), mandible, velopharyngeal flap, larynx (vocal fold vibration or voiced, voiceless abduction), lips, glottis (glottal stops /h/)
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Diarthroidal (synovial) Joints
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Highly mobile joints, Plane: gliding shallow or flat surfaces, Condylar, Trochoid, Sellar, Ellipsoid, Hinge
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Tendons
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Muscle to bone or muscle to cartilage, Provide a means of attaching, fibers arranged lingitudinlally giving them great tensile strength but reduced compressive strength, is actually part of the muscle
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Ligaments
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Bone to bone or muscle to muscle, Visceral: bind organs together or hold structures in place, Skeletal: must withstand great pressure as they bind bone to bone, must have fibers coursing in the same direction giving ligaments great tensile strength
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Cardiac Muscle
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Composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion, generally outside of voluntary , relegated to the AUTONOMIC or involuntary nervous system
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Involuntary (smooth) Muscle
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Includes the muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels, generally sheet-like with spindle shaped cells
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Synarthrodial (fibrous) Joints
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No mobility, Syndesmosis: banded by ligament, Suture: skull bone union, Gomphosis: tooth in alveulus
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Epithelial Tissue
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Includes the surface covering of the body and linings of cavities and passageways, outer layer of mucous membranes and skin, shortage of intercellular matter
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Nervous Tissue
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Highly communicative tissue, consists of neurons or nerve cells that take on a variety of forms, Function: to transmit info from one neuron to another from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures
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Yellow Elastic Tissues
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Found where connective tissue must return to its original shape after being distended, Ex: in cartilage of the trachea or bronchial passageway
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Areolar Connective Tissue
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Loose connective tissue, supportive in nature, elastic material thats tound between muscles as a thin, membranous sheet between organs, its fibers form a mat or weave of flexible collagen
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Smooth and glossy, has a blue cast,smooth mating surface for the articulating surfaces of bones, Ex: cartilage portion of the rib cage, constituting the larynx, trachea and bronchial passageway
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Fibrous Connective Tissue
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Binds structures together and may contain combo's of fiber types, White Fibrous Tissue: strong dense and highly organized found in ligaments that bind bones together (as well in the fascia that encases muscle)
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Yellow Cartilage
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Elastic, has less collagen, endowed with elastic fibers, found in the pinna nose and epiglottis
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Stratified Epithelium
*compound epithelium |
Flattened cells on beds of columnar cells, epidermis of skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus; conjuctiva
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Squamous (pavement) Epithelium
*simple epithelium |
Single later of flat cells, linings of 1) blood vessels 2) heart 3) alveoli 4) lymphatic vessels
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Columnar Epithelium
*simple epithelium |
Single layer, cylindrical cells, inner lining of stomach intestines gall bladder and bile ducts
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Cilated Epithelium
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Cylindrical cells with cilia, lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and bronchi
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Fibrocartilage
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Contains collagenous fibers, providing the cushion between the vertebrae of the spinal column, as well as the mating surface for the temoporomandicular joint between the lower jar and the skull
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Blood
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Connective tissue, plasma is the fluid component of blood, blood cells (including red and white) are suspended in this matrix, arise within the marrow of the bone
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Amphiarthroidal (cartilaginous) Joints
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Joints with limited mobility, Synchondrosis: cartilage that ossifies through aging,Symphysis: bone connected by fibrocartilage
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Bitemporal Hemianopia
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Bitemporal 1/2 blindness, temporal blindness
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Left side of the eye sees:
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Right visual field, toward the nose aka nasal
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Right side of the eye sees:
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Left visual field (temporal)
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Fillium Terminali (end filament)
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Fibrous projection forms the conus medullaris, joints with toughest part of the tube surrounding the spinal chord (dural tube), then becomes the coccygeal ligament
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Caudate Nucleus
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Part of the basil ganglia, where Huntington's chorea originates, involuntary dance- like movements and is hereditary,has a head body and tail, related to the initiation of movement and control of background movement
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Diaphragma Sella
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Forms a boundary between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus and optic chiasma
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Zygomatic Arch
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Consists of temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of trmporal bone, zygomatic bone = cheek bone
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Putamen and Globus Pallidus
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Part of basal ganglia that attach to and reflect back on the caudate body, together the form the LENTIFORM or LENTICULAR NUCLEUS (cause their combined nuclei are lens-shaped)
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Lateral Geniculate Body
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A nucleus of the thalamus, where ganglion cells of the optic nerve vesicle
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Fornix
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Extension fo the corpus callosum, near-circle of myelinated fibers ending in the mammillary body, provides most of the communication between thehippocampus and the hypothalamus, contains commissural fibers that permit communication with the opposite hippocampus
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Rhinencephalon
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"smell brain" refers to structures within the telencephalon, includes olfactory bulb tract and striae; pyriform area; intermediate olfactory area ext.
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Optic Tract
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Connects optic nerves to the optic radiations, course into the occipital love where vision is brought into consciousness in the peri-calcarine area (area 17)
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Amygdaloid Body
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Part of the limbic system, some consider it part of the basal ganglia
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Epithalamus Function
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Pineal body- development of gonads
Habenular Nuclei- receive input from the septum, hypothalamus and brainstem |
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Middle Cerebral Artery
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Continuous with internal carotid artery, very important to the lateral surfaces of the brain, Supplies: Wernicke's area and Broca's Area
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
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Supplies temporal and occipital lobes (around calcarine fissure), supplies midbrain, 3rd ventricle, thalamus and hypothalamus
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Tactile Agnosia
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Inability to recognize object by touch
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Corticospinal
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Fibers originate in cortex and course to spinal cord to form the corticospinal tract
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Lower part of pre-central gyrus
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Where motor programming of speech originates, corona radiata -> internal sapsule -> midbrain /pons -> medulla oblongata -> takes message via VAGUS NERVE to cricothyroid muscles
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Betz Cells
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5th layer of cortex, large and pyramidal in shape
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Foramen of Luschka
and Foramen of Magendi |
3 total apertures (right and left), both ADJACENT to the 4th ventricle, allows CSF to go from the 4th ventricle all the way around the brain and spinal chord
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Motor Unit (spinal nerve)
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Cell body, Axon, Myo-neural junction, Muscle
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Frontal Lobe Damage
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Emotional Liability: personality change, inappropriate laughing or crying (out of individuals control)
Execution Apraxia: Motor activity execution, Broca's or non-fluent aphasia |
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Hypophyseal Fossa
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Where the pituitary gland sits
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Visual Pathway
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1. Retina recieves stimulus from light 2. Cell output transmitted to OPTIC NERVE 3. Goes to OPTIC CHIASM where medial 50% of nerve fibers decussate 4. Nerve fibers travel to the optic tract down to the lateral geniculate body 5. From LGB to the optic radiations to the occipital lobe 6. Area 17 brought into conciousness
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Static Nerve
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Very extensive distribution through the leg, starts at lower back and courses all the way down to the foot
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Mesencephalon
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The midbrain comprised of: The cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles
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Golgi Tendon Organs
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located at the tendon, Sense muscle tension, respond to the tension of musculature during active concentration, works in close conjunction with muscle spindle
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Segmental Reflex
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When a muscle is passively stretched, a SEGMENTAL REFLEX is triggered, this in turn activated the Extrafusal Muscles paralleling the muscle spindles which shortens the muscle
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Extrafusal Muscles vs. Intrafusal Muscles
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Extra: general skeletal muscle, innervated by ALPHA motor fibers (larger than gamma)
Intra: attach to muscle and arch capable of sensing changes in the length of muscle, classified as thin (housing nuclear chain fibers) or think (contains nuclear bay fibers) |
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Muscle Spindles
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Provide feedback to the neuromotor system about muscle length, tension, motion and position. Muscle spindles running parallel to the intrafusal muscle fibers sense LENGTHENING whereas Golgi Tendon Organs sense tension.
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Action Potential
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Change in electric potential that occurs when a cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between intra and extracellular space, happens when a neuron is sufficiently excited*
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Association Areas
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Reigons of the highest cognitive processing where sensory info is integrated with memory, where highest form of human thought occurs
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Saltatory Conduction
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When a propogating action potential is passed from node to node, because of this myelinated fibers conduct the wave of depolarization more rapidly than demyelinated fibers
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Absolute Refractory Period
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(phase of depolarization), time during which the cell membrane cannot me stimulated to depolarize, occurs after neuron EXCITATION, k+ channels open and k+ ions flow out of the intracellular space -> Na- gates close and deactivates
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Resting membrane Potential
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A charge in which there is a potential difference of a gradient that will promote ion movement if channels open,at rest there are 30X as many k+ ions inside as outside - 10 more Na- ions outside as inside
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Depolarization
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Equalization of the ion gradient, for aprox. = 0.5ms, no amount of stimulation will cause that region to depolarize again
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Rhomnencephalon
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Incorporated the metencephalon & pons, cerebellum and part of the 4th ventricle, Myelencephalon (medulla and part of the 4th ventricle) AND the central canal that courses through the spinal cord
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Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone
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Separates the nasal and cranial cavities, provides the conduit for olfactory nerves as they enter the cranial space
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Condylar Process
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Important landmarks of the mandible, articulated with the skull and allows rotation of the mandible
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Pyramidal System
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Motor component of somatic system, arises from pyramidal cells of the motor strip of the cerebral cortex, responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts
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Extra-pyramidal System
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Also arises from the cerebral cortex, responsible for background tone and movement supporting the primary acts, INDIRECT SYSTEM
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Cerebral Cortex
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Outer layer of the brain, 6 layers, contains pyramidal and extrapyramidal cells, outermost layer = glial and axons, 2nd &3rd = large pyramidal cells, 4th = non-pyramidal (references sensory info from thalamus) 5th= Betz cels -> Pyramidal -> project to motor senses beyond cerebrum
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Red Nucleus
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Within the Tegmentum, receives input from cerebral cortex and cerebellum, important component of flexor control
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Hippocampus
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Part of the rhinencephalon, structure deeply invloved in memory, located within the parahippocampal gyrus, communicates with hypothalamus
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Occipital Lobe Cuneus
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In area 17, receives visual information. Brings into consciousness.
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Right Hemisphere
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Process info in a more holistic fashion, prefers spatial and tonal information, face recognition is a part
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Left Hemisphere
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Dominant for speech and language, processes brief duration stimuli, preforms detailed analysis
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Crossing Bridging
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Causes myofilaments to slide past each other therefore shortening the muscle
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Slow Twitch
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Take a longer time to move, remain contracted 5 times longer, used in muscles that support the body against gravity
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Association Areas
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Regions of highest cognitive processing where sensory info is integrated with memory
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Substantia Nigra
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Structure within the medbrain, contains black substance DOPAMINE (neurotransmitter crucial for normal movement), lack of dopamine = Parkinson's, Manufactures dopamine*
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3 subdivisions of internal capsule
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1. Anterior Limb 2. Genu 3. Posterior Limb
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Mandible
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Alveolar Portion- holds teeth
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Nuclear Bag Fibers
vs. Nuclear Chain Fibers |
NBG- groups of stretch receptors, collected in a cluster at the equilateral region of the intrafusal muscle fiber *contain info concerning acceleration
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Temporal Lobe Uncus
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Hook -> involved in olfaction, forms part of rhinencephalon
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Operculum
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Consists of regions of the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe along the lateral sulcus
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Diencephalon
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Part of the prosencephalon **Comprised of** Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland/ Hyphoysis, 3rd Ventrivle
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Midbrain Reigon
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Superior Colliculus = vision
Inferior Colliculus = audition = corpura quadngemina |
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Cerebral Peduncle
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Foot- like structure, neuron pathway coursing from midbrain to pons
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Telencephalon
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Embryonic structures from which the cerebral hemispheres and rhineencephalon develop, *Includes: Basal Ganglia, Olfactory Tract, Lateral ventricles, part of the 3rd ventricles
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Non- dominant hemisphere lesions
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Often result in deficits in pragmatics especially in monitoring facial responses and communication partners and intonation
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Thick Myofilaments
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Composed of myosin arranged in a staggering formation, actin and myosin slide past each other during muscle contraction, bringing ARMS reach from actin to myosin
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Verbal Dyspraxia
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Result from damage to Broca's area, also in lesions from supramarginal gyrus frontal operculum and insula, deficit in programming the articulators for speech sound production
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Damage to the aruate fasiculus
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Results in conduct aphasia, food comprehension of speech or written material and fluent speech but cannot repeat heard utterances
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Commisural Fibers
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Corpus collosum = major group of commisural fibers, run from 1 location on a hemisphere to the corresponding location on the other hemisphere
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Association Fibers
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Provide communication between regions of the same hemisphere, ex: may connect superior temporal gyrus with the middle temporal gyrus within the left hemisphere, both long and short fibers, Long: interconnect lobes within the same hemisphere Short: connect neurons of 1 gyrus to the next
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Projection Fibers
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Tracts running to and from the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord Ex: Corona radiata
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Internal Capsule
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3 components: 1. Anterior limb: seperated caudate nucleus and putamen 2. Genu: part of juncture 3. Posterior Limb: includes optic radiation, group of fibers projecting to the calcarine fissure for vision
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Fimbria
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Part of hippocampus, medial layer of white fibers that are continuous with the fornix
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Myelinated Fibers
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Make up communication link between the neurons, without them there would be no neural function, myelinated axons travel faster
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Dentate Gyrus
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Lies between the limnria of the hippocampus and the parahippocampus gyrus, continues as the indusium griseum
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Indusium Griseum
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Part of the hippocampus, layer of cell bodies that overlies the corpus callosum and becomes continuous with the cingulate gyrus
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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Supplies medial surface of brain, Frontal and Parietal Lobes, Supplies corpus callosum, basal ganglia, internal capsule
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Circle of Willis
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Series of cumminicating arteries that provide reduntant pathways for blood to flow to regions of the cerebral cortex, equalizing pressure and allowing blood flow
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Subthalamus Function
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Major landmark of this is theSUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS (lentiform structure on inner surface of inner capsule), many fibers project through here on their way to the thalamus, receives input from globus pallidus and the motor cortex and is involved in the controls of striated muscles
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Thalamus
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Final common relay for sensory info directed toward the cortex, all sensation (minus olfaction) passes through here, nearly all the AFFERENT fibers within the corona radiata arise from the thalamus, RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM arouses cortex and focuses cortical regions to heightened awareness, primary bridge for info from cerebellum and globus pallidus to the motor portion of the cerebral cortex
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Motor Homunculus
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Part of the pre- central gyrus, site of initiation of voluntary movement, motor cortex
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Apraxia
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Arises from lesions to the regions associated with prep and planning for a motor act, Broca's area, supramarginal gyrus, insula, SMA, disorder of brain and nervous system, inable to preform tasks or movement when asked even though request is understood, are willing to preform task, muscles needed work properly or the task was previously learned
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Hyper
vs. Hypokinetic Dysarthria |
HYPER: results of damage to inhabitory processes fo the extrapyramidal system CNS- slow rate, involuntary movement of articulators and larynx due to Huntington's chorea, vowel distortion
HYPO: lesions to areas modulating the excitatory mechanisms CNS- inneficient use of larynx (air spilled), rapid artic., imprecise consonants reduced movement of articulators |
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Ataxic Dysarthria
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Arises from Cerebellar damage, loss of coordination, difficulty reaching articulatory target, distorted speech
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This Filaments
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Composed of ACTIN protein strands called to form a helix, tropomyosin laced with troponin wrap around the helix
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Frontal Lobe Lesions
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May result in deficit in judgement response, damage to hippocampus = loss of shirt term memory especially in relation to auditory information
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Spastic Dysarthria (CNS)
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CNS- bilateral UMN involvement, slow rate, monopitch, monoloud, rough, low pitch, imprecise consonants
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Fast Twitch
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Capable of Rapid movement, used to meet rapid muscle contraction requirements
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Flaccid Dysarthria (PNS)
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Results from damage to the LMN's of peripheral nervous system (vagus nerve)
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Area 17
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Primary visual cortex, around calcarine fissure
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Area's 18 & 19
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Visual association areas (primary motor region)
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Area's 44 & 45
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Broca's area(s) motor programming of speech in the dominant hemisphere (usually left)
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Area 22
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Wernicke's area- reception of language and decoding language. Making sense of what we hear. Connected to 22 by arcuate fasiculous
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Area 42
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Higher auditory processing of information
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Area 41
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Heschl's Gyrus- Primary auditory cortex, being what we hear into consciousness, superior temporal gyrus, deep lateral sulkus we have insula, Heschl's gyrus extends into sulkus
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Area 4
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Anterior to central sulkus, initiating motor activity, primary motor cortex, located in precentral gyrus
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Area's 3 1 2 5
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Posterior to central sulkus, general senses into conciousness, SOMATOSENSORY GYRUS, pain tough temperature, pressure- POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
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Area 6
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Supplimentart motor cortex (area) anterior to area 4, medial tipping over
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Operculum(a)
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(means lid) into insula Cortex- frontal and parietal lobes- forms lid over insula- separating frontal and parietal oppercula from temporal operculum
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