Anatomy 3

Front 1

Cells

Back 1

smallest unit of all living things

Front 2

Nucleus

Back 2

gene-containing control center of the cell

Front 3

Generalized Cell

Back 3

typical cell w/ cytoplasm, a cell membrane, and a nucleus

Front 4

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

Back 4

double membrane barrier around the nucleus

Front 5

Nuclear Pores

Back 5

permeable openings in the nuclear membrane

Front 6

Nucleoli

Back 6

small, dark, round bodies where ribosomes are assembled

Front 7

Chromatin

Back 7

bumpy threads in the nucleus composed of DNA and proteins

Front 8

Chromosomes

Back 8

chromatin condensed to form rod-like bodies

Front 9

Plasma Membrane

Back 9

barrier that contains the cells contents and separates it from the surrounding environment

Front 10

Microvilli

Back 10

tiny projections that increase the cell's surface area for absorption

Front 11

Membrane Junctions

Back 11

parts of the plasma membrane

Front 12

Tight Junctions

Back 12

impermeable junctions that bind cells together and prevent cells from passing through

Front 13

Desosomes

Back 13

anchoring junctions that keep cells from being pulled apart

Front 14

Gap Junctions

Back 14

junctions in the heart & embryonic cells, allowing communication

Front 15

Connexons

Back 15

hollow cylinders in the membrane, connecting gap junctions

Front 16

Cytoplasm

Back 16

cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

Front 17

Cytosol

Back 17

semitransparent fluid that suspends the elements

Front 18

Organelles

Back 18

the metabolic "machinery" of the cell

Front 19

Inclusions

Back 19

chemical substances that are stored nutrients or cell products

Front 20

Mitochondria

Back 20

power house of the cell

Front 21

Ribosomes

Back 21

tiny bodies made of proteins & RNA; the sites of protein synthesis in the cell

Front 22

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 22

minicirculatory system for the cell, providing a network of channels to carry substances

Front 23

Rough ER

Back 23

ER w/ ribsomes; cell membrane's factory with transport vesicles

Front 24

Smooth ER

Back 24

controls lipid metabolism & the detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Front 25

Golgi Apparatus

Back 25

modifies and packages proteins

Front 26

Transport Vesicles

Back 26

passageways for proteins from the rough ER to the golgi apparatus

Front 27

Secretory Vesicles

Back 27

parts of a protein "pinched off" to travel through the plasma membrane and fuse with it, spreading its contents outside of the cell

Front 28

Lysosomes

Back 28

"breakdown bodies" that digest materials within the cell

Front 29

Peroxisomes

Back 29

detoxify harmful or poisonous substances in the cell using oxidase

Front 30

Free Radicals

Back 30

highly reactive chemicals that can scramble the structure of proteins & nucleic acids

Front 31

Cytoskeleton

Back 31

the cell's "bones and muscles", providing the inner framework that gives cell shape and support

Front 32

Intermediate Filaments

Back 32

ropelike bodes that help form desmosomes

Front 33

Microfilaments

Back 33

involved in cell mobility and producing changes in cell's shape

Front 34

Microtubules

Back 34

determine overall shape of cell & the distribution of organelles

Front 35

Centrioles

Back 35

direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

Front 36

Cilia

Back 36

whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface

Front 37

Flagella

Back 37

a long tail, found in sperm, that allows mobility

Front 38

Solution

Back 38

a homogenous mixture of 2 or more parts

Front 39

solvent

Back 39

the substance present in the largest amount in a solution

Front 40

solutes

Back 40

components or substances present in smaller amounts

Front 41

intracellular fluid

Back 41

a solution containing smaller amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and salts dissolved in water

Front 42

interstitial fluid

Back 42

the fluid that constantly bathes the exterior of our cells

Front 43

select permeability

Back 43

a barrier that allows some substances to pass through while restricting others

Front 44

passive transport processes

Back 44

substances are transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell

Front 45

diffusion

Back 45

the process by which molecules (and ions) tend to scatter themselves throughout the available space

Front 46

concentration gradient

Front 47

simple diffusion

Back 47

a diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane (or any selectively permeable membrane)

Front 48

osmosis

Back 48

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable me brane such as the plasma membrane

Front 49

facilitated diffusion

Back 49

provides passage for certain needed substances (notably glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores

Front 50

filtration

Back 50

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure.

Front 51

pressure gradient

Back 51

actually pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from the higher-pressure area to the lower-pressure area.

Front 52

solute pumping

Back 52

active transport

Front 53

solute pumps

Back 53

protein carriers

Front 54

sodium-potassium pump

Back 54

simultaneously carries sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell

Front 55

exocytosis

Back 55

moves substances out of cells

Front 56

endocytosis

Back 56

includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle

Front 57

phagocytosis

Back 57

cell eating

Front 58

pinocytosis (fluid-phase endocytosis)

Back 58

"cell drinking" - the plasma membranes invaginates to form a tiny pit and then its edges fuse around the droplet of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins or fats

Front 59

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 59

the main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules

Front 60

cell life cycle

Back 60

the series of changes a cell goes through, from the time it is formed until it divides

Front 61

inter-phase

Back 61

the cell grows and carries on its metabolic activities

Front 62

cell division

Back 62

during which the cell reproduces itself

Front 63

mitosis

Back 63

division of the nucleus

Front 64

cytokinesis

Back 64

division of the cytoplasm

Front 65

chromosomes

Back 65

barlike body of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division

Front 66

chromatid

Front 67

centromere

Back 67

small button-like body that holds together the chromatid

Front 68

mitotic spindle

Back 68

composed of thin microtubules

Front 69

metaphase

Back 69

the stage when chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the metaphase plate so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen

Front 70

anaphase

Back 70

when the centromeres that have held the chromatids together split

Front 71

telophase

Back 71

the chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chromatin again

Front 72

cytokineses

Back 72

the division of the cytoplasm

Front 73

cleavage furrow

Front 74

gene

Back 74

defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain

Front 75

enzymes

Back 75

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cell, are functional proteins

Front 76

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 76

the nucleic acid that contains ribose; acts in protein synthesis

Front 77

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules

Back 77

small clover-leaf shapedmolecules

Front 78

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 78

helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built

Front 79

messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules

Back 79

long, singles nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry "message" containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Front 80

transcription

Back 80

involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA

Front 81

triplet

Back 81

each three-base sequence specifying a particulare amino acid on the DNA gene

Front 82

codons

Back 82

three base sequences on mRNA

Front 83

translation phase

Back 83

the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is "translated" into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence)

Front 84

anticodon

Back 84

a special three-base sequence that can bind to the complementary codons

Front 85

tissues

Back 85

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Front 86

apical surface

Back 86

membranes that always have one free (unattached) surface or edge

Front 87

basement membrane

Back 87

a structureless material secreted by the cells

Front 88

simple epithelium

Back 88

classification by cell arrangements (one layer of cells)

Front 89

stratified epithelium

Back 89

classification by cell arrangements (more than one cell layer)

Front 90

simple squamous epithelium

Back 90

single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane

Front 91

serous membranes (serouse)

Back 91

slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity

Front 92

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 92

one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane

Front 93

simple columnar epithelium

Back 93

made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

Front 94

goblet cells

Back 94

produce a lubricating mucus

Front 95

mucosae (mucous membranes)

Back 95

epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior

Front 96

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 96

cells that rest on a basement membrane

Front 97

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 97

(most common stratified epithelium) usually consists of several layers of cells

Front 98

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 98

has two cell layers with (at least) the surface cells being cuboidal in shape

Front 99

stratified columnar epithelium

Back 99

surface cells that are columnar cells, but its basal cells vary in size and shape

Front 100

transitional epithelium

Back 100

a highly modified, stratified squamolus epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs - the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra

Front 101

gland

Back 101

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Front 102

secretion

Back 102

typically contains protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid

Front 103

endocrine glands

Back 103

ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood

Front 104

exocrine glands

Back 104

glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a body surface (skin or mucosa)

Front 105

connective tissue

Back 105

connects body parts - primarily involved in protecting, supporting, and binding together other body tissues

Front 106

extracellular matrix

Back 106

nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers that separate the living cells

Front 107

bone (osseous tissue)

Back 107

composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae and surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers

Front 108

cartilage

Back 108

white, semiopaque connective tissue

Front 109

hyaline cartilage

Back 109

has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-white appearance.

forms the supporting structures of the larynx, or voice box, attaches the ribs to the breastbone, and covers the ends of bones where they form joints

Front 110

fibrocartilage

Back 110

forms the cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

Front 111

elastic cartilage

Back 111

found where a structure with elasticity is desired (ex. it supports the external ear)

Front 112

dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)

Back 112

have collagen fibers as its main matrix element.

forms strong, ropelike structures such as tendons and ligaments

Front 113

tendons

Back 113

attach skeletal muscles to bones

Front 114

ligaments

Back 114

connect bones to bones at joints

Front 115

loose connective tissue

Back 115

are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood