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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Joints are?
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where two or more bones come together
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Classification of joints-Fibrous?
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no joint cavity, strong fibrous connective bonds
-bones dont move |
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Classification of joints-Cartilagenous?
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no joint cavity, cartilage type bonds
-slightly moveable |
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Classification of joints-Synovial
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-joint cavty, synovial membrane
-freely moveable |
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Describe catilagenous joints?
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-hyaline cartilage between bones
-b/t ribs and sternum growth plates b/t diaphysis and epiphysis |
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Synchondrases?
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hyaline cartilage b/t bones
-symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints |
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Articular cartilage?(synovial joint)
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-hyaline cartilage on the ends of bones
-synovial activity filled with fluid Articular capsule -fibrous capsule, synovial membrane |
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Synovial fluid?
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-viscous lubricating fluid
-reinforcing ligaments -capsules, extracapsular,intracapsular -nerve and vessels -pain and proprioception filtration and synovial fluid |
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Other joint Structures:Fibrocatilage?
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articular vise high stress area
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Other joint structures: Bursque?
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fluid(synovial) filled with sac b/t bone and tendon/muscle
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Other joint structures:Tendon Sheath?
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holds tendon against bone, lined with synovial membrane
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What are types of synovial joints categrized by?
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shape of articulating surfaces and movements they permit.
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Name the types of sunovial joints
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plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket
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Plane?
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nonaxial
-slip n slide activity -flat surface -intercarpal and intertarsal joints -sternalacular |
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Hinge?
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uniaxial
-surface concave tone convex, strong collateral ligaments, elbow, knee |
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Pivot?
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uniaxial
-one surface rounded and one has depression -articulation between atlas and axis |
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condyloid?
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biaxial
-up, down, side to side -concave and convex surface metacarpal phalanges, finger joints |
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saddle?
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biaxial
-concave and convex surface -sterreoclavicular |
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ball and socket?
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triaxial
-articulation of rounded convex surface and suplike cavity -hip and shoulder |
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What is circumduction?
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combo of adduction,abduction, extension, flexion
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Whats pronation?
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palms down
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What supination?
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palms up
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What is the main blood supply of the leg?
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plopetial
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Temporomandibular Joint?
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Temporal/mandible, hinge and sliding, most easily dislocated joint, tmj syndrome
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What joint is around the sternum and clavicle?
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sternoclavicular joint
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What joint is around the acromial process and clavicle?
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Acromioclavicular joint
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Describe each grade of the acromioclavicular joint?
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grade 1- stretching of the acromioclavicular joint
grade 2- tear of acromio but streching of carioclavicular grade 3- tearning both |
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Whats luxation?
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pops out and stays out
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Glenohumeral joint?
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Vulnerable positions
-abduction and external rotation -luxation |
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hip joint is
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ball and socket
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Hip replacements occur every ____ average of > ______ a year
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15-20years, 130,000
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Where is an ACL injury?
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goes through middle of knee, primary stabalizer of the knee
-100,000 per year in US |
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ACL injuries and the olympics?
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only 1 skier since the 1970s has won a medal without having torn an acl
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Ankle sprains, 85-90% occur
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laterally
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Ankle joint has three ligaments?
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calcaneal fibular, atl, posterior talofibular
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1st degree ankle sprain, sprains:
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atl
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2nd degree sprain, sprains:
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calcaneal fibular and atl
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3rd degree sprain, sprains:
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calcaneal fibular, atl, posterior talofibular
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DJD is a part of what and stands for what?
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osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease
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Does knuckle cracking cause arthritis?
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no there is no correlation
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Theres over how many muscles in our body?
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600
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Muscles are how much percent of your body weight?
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50%
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What are functions of muscles?
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movement, maintenance of posture, joint stabilization, and heat generation
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Whats contractility?
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able to shorten
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Whats Excitability?
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sensitive to nerve impulses
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Whats Extensibility?
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When relaxed, muscles can stretch
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Whats Elasticity?
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Return to regular normal length after streching
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whats contractility?
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able to shorten
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Whats excitablility?
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sensitive to nerve impulses
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Whats Extensibility?
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when relaxed, muscles can strech
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Whats elasticity?
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after streching, return to regular length?
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Endomisciem goes around what?
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a single musle cell
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Paraomisciem goes around what?
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a fasicle(group of muscle cells
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Epimisciem surrounds what?
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outside connective tissue of group of muscles
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What is a motor unit?
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a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates
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How do you turn on a muscle cell?
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By sending it a motor neuron pulse.
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Where do neurons attach to muscle cells?
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at neuromuscular junctions.
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Describe muscle fibers and sacromeres?
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Myofibrils are how you can see the striations in the muscle with a microscope. The actin comes to the center from the outsides and meets the myosin in the center. Sarcomeres are measures from Z to Z (basic function unit in muscle, can shorten and make force) Myofilaments make up the myofibrils
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The I band of sarcomere is?
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area surrounding the z disc (actin only, light)
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The A band of sarcomere is?
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Outer layer, dark, containing actin and myosin
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The middle of each sarcomere is?
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The H zone (myosin only)
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The M line does what?
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in the very center of sarcomere and its tiny rods holding myosin myofilaments together
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What regulate muscle contraction?
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubles
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum does what?
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store house for calcium and when electrical signal is reached, calcium is released.
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T tubles do what?
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conduct impulses
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Describe the muscle contraction?
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actin moves, myosin stay still, actin myofilms overlap, making h zone disappear
-sliding filament theory |
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Isometric action is
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staying the same length
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Concentric action is
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shortening the muscle
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Eccentric action is
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lengthening the muscle
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Name the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?
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Red-slow twitch, white-fast twitch, intermediate fast-twitch
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Red-slow twitch?
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takes longer to produce max force so not good for speed but good for endurance=postal muscles
-aerobis-found in abs, back muscles |
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White-fast twitch?
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powerful but low endurance
-anaerobic-found in arms |
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Intermediate fast-twitch?
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powerful and good endurance
-aerobic-found in legs |
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Whats hypertrophy?
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getting bigger and stronger
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Whats atrophy?
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getting smaller and weaker
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Steroids intended to make hormones to make you increase ______
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weight gain.
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Name some side effects of steroids?
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acne, liver damage, roid rage, breast development, ossifcaiton of epiphyseal plate
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How many supplements of steroids would you say are given out per year?
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1.5 to 10 billion a yr
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Desscribe Androstenedione?
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Percursor to testosterone and estrogen. for males they get estrogen, females get testosterone
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Describe Creatine?
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-Improves energy production
-improves performance -80% of those who take it do high power excercises for less than 30 min |
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What are side effects of Creatine?
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water retention, cramping, and possibly kidney disease
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Describe Cholestrum?
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-portein and growth hormone found in mothers milk during first few days of life
-no evidence of improvements |
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What are lever systems?
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The operation of skeletal muscles involve leverage.
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What are 1st class lever systems?
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one end load, one end effort with fulcrum in the middle.
ex. head and neck |
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What are 2nd class lever systems?
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set up like wheel barrel
-located between fulcrum and force -effiecient way to move something heavy but not big range of motion --your weight for ex could be on the ball of your foot by lifiting your ankle with your calf |
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What are 3rd class lever systems?
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-located between fulcrum and resistance
-ex. biceps pulling on forearm to flex the elbow -most common in body -load on end, effort in middle, fulcum end -wide range of motion |
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Fusiform muscle is ____ but ____ in the middle.
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parallel, buldges
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What run parallel to the long axis?
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parallel fasicles
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What are long and flat, moves over a great distance, good endurance, but not so strong/
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parallel fasicles
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What have a wide origin, narrow insertion?
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convergent fasicles
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What muscle architecture is stronger than parallel and the force is concentrated on a single point?
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convergent fascicles
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Which muscle architecture doest have as good endurance as the parallel fascicle?
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convergent fascicle
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What type of fascicles attach at a angle to a tendon that runs the length of the muscle?
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pennate fascicles
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What type of fascicle has many fibers per unit area, strong, and tire quickly?
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pennate fascicles
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There are three type of pennate fascicles, describe them?
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unipennate-fascicles on one side of tendon(EDL)
bipennate-fascicles on both side of tendon(rectus femoris) multipennate-many fascicles(deltoid) |
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Describe Circuar architecture of the fascicle
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-concentric arrangement around orifice
-oricular oris, orbicularis oculi |
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Name the 4 muscle groups
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agonist, synergist, antagonist, stabilizers and neutralizers(fixators)
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give an example of a stabilizer muscle?
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serratus anterior stablizes the shoulder blade
-it hols things in place so you can move something ore distally. |
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Say a location of a muscle?
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intercostals(b/t ribs)
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Say a shape?
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trapezius
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Name sizes in terms of muscles?
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maximus,minimus,longus,brevis
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What are the directional terms for rectus,transverse, and oblique
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long,horizontal,on angle
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What is neurology?
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The study of the nervous system
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Name two functions of the nervous system:
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perception and action
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Name the two divisions of the nervous system?
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CNS-central nervous system(brain and spinal cord)
PNS-peripheral nervous system-cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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Compare afferent and efferent
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An afferent system goes toward the nerous system(sensory) and an efferent system goes away from the system(motor)
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Name the divisions of the nervous system
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sensory(afferent),motor(efferent),association(interneurons),somatic, visceral
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What is the assocation division of the nervous system?
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between sensory and motor
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What is the somatic division of the nervous system?
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outside ventral body cavity(voluntary)
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What is the visceral division of the nervous system?
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inside the ventral body cavity(involuntary)
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Somatic in the sensory system would be:
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touch, pain, pressure,vibration,temperature,proprioception,
-equilibrium |
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Visceral in the sensroy system would be:
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stretch, pain, temperature, hunger
-taste |
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somatic in the motor system would be:
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contraction of skeletal muscles
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visceral in the motor system would be:
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regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle contractions
-ANS |
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What are the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
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neurons
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Neurons have a ____ year life span and _____ reproduce
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100, cannot
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true or false. neurons have a high metabolic rate
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true
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Neurons need a lot of?
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glucose and O2
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What do neurons do?
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conduct electrical impulses
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What are dendrites?
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extension of cell body(sensory side) part of the neuron
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What are axons?
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lng extension of cell body)motor side)
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neuron is a ____
Nerve fiber is an _____ |
nerve cell, axon
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