Anatomy

Front 1

The autonomic nervous system is divided into...

Back 1

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

Front 2

The motor pathway of the ans involves :

Back 2

two motor neurons in sequence

Front 3

the first motor neuron that exits the brain or spinal cord

Back 3

preganglionic motor neuron.

Front 4

the name of the second motor neuron of the motor pathway:

Back 4

postganglionic motor neuron

Front 5

cell bodies of the two motor neurons of the motor pathway form the:

Back 5

parasympathetic and sympathatic ganglia.

Front 6

__________________ neurons innervate effectors.

Back 6

postgagnlionic motor

Front 7

what are teh effectors which are innervated by postganglionic motor neurons.

Back 7

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.

Front 8

_________________ of __________ may stimulate some effectors but inhibit others.

Back 8

neurotransmitters... postganglionic axons

Front 9

the sympathetic branch of the ans is termed the :

Back 9

thoracolumbar segment

Front 10

the sympathetic branch is termed the thoracolumbar segment because:

Back 10

the preganglionic motor neurons exit the spinal cord from the thoracic vertebra 1 (T1) through lumbar vertebra 2 (L2).

Front 11

many pregagnlionic motor neurons synapse with postgagnlionic nerons within...

Back 11

a double chain of paravertebral gagnlia located alonside the spinal cord.

Front 12

some pregagnlionic neurons travel into the neck region where they :

Back 12

synapse with cervical ganglia

Front 13

pregagnlionic neurons below the diaphragm travel through the

Back 13

paravertebral gagnlia and synapse in teh collateral gagnlia.(celiac adn mesenterics)

Front 14

sympathatic mtoro pathways have a short.... and long...

Back 14

pregagnlionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron.

Front 15

adrenal medulla:

Back 15

modified sympathetic ganglion adn consists of postgagnlionic neurons.

Front 16

the pregagnlionic neurons extend all teh way to the:

Back 16

adrenal medulla

Front 17

the adrenal medulla secretes

Back 17

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 18

the parasympathetic branch is termed:

Back 18

the craniosacral segment

Front 19

the parasympathetic branch is termed teh craniosacral segment because:

Back 19

the pregagnlionic neurons exit the midbrain and the medulla, as well as sacral spinal segments 2, 3, 4.

Front 20

the gagnlia are located:

Back 20

next to or actually embedded within the organ they innervate.

Front 21

parasympathetic branch (craniosacral segment) has a very long _____________ and a short _____________.

Back 21

preganglionic neuron and ahort postganglionic neuron.

Front 22

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 carry...

Back 22

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Front 23

what carries preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

Back 23

cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10.

Front 24

__% of the parasympathatic preganglionic neurons are in teh ______ cranial nerve.

Back 24

90... 10

Front 25

the tenth cranial nerve is also called the _____ nerve

Back 25

vagus

Front 26

the sympathetic branch may undergo ________________ to prepare body for the fight or flight reaction.

Back 26

mass activation

Front 27

the body also mass activates when:

Back 27

during intense exercise and in emergencies

Front 28

the sympathatic system causes:

Back 28

increased heart rate, increase in blood glucose, dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles adn constriction of blood vessels to the skin and visceral organs.

Front 29

at certain times, some sympathetic reflexes may at ___________.

Back 29

individually

Front 30

the parasympathetic branch does not undergo

Back 30

mass activation.

Front 31

the parasympathetic branch causes:

Back 31

the heart to slow, and promotes all aspects of digestion.

Front 32

the parasympathetic branches functions have been described as :

Back 32

"rest and digest"

Front 33

in general, the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches have ...

Back 33

opposing actions

Front 34

all ANS preganglionic axons secrete

Back 34

ACh.

Front 35

Parasympathetic postganglion axons secrete

Back 35

ACh.

Front 36

Neurons that secrete ACh are termed

Back 36

cholinergic

Front 37

Postganglionic sympathetic axons secrete

Back 37

norepinephrine

Front 38

another term for norepinephrine:

Back 38

noradrenaline

Front 39

neurons that secrete norepinephrine are :

Back 39

andrenergic

Front 40

Two examples of cholinergic sympathetic neurons.

Back 40

1. Blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate in response to cholinergic sympathetic postganglionic axons.
2. sweat glands are stimulated by postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic axons.

Front 41

What are andrenergic chemicals?

Back 41

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 42

andrenic chemicals can :

Back 42

stimulate some structures but inhibit others.

Front 43

The different responses of andernergic chemcials (n and ne) are due to:

Back 43

the nature of the effector organs and their different receptors for neurotransmitters.

Front 44

Two major kinds of receptor proteins have been identified and are termed:

Back 44

alpha and beta receptors

Front 45

constriction of blood vessels of the skin and visceral organs involves:

Back 45

stimulating alpha receptors of their smooth muscle

Front 46

Dilating bronchioles involves:

Back 46

inhibition via the beta receptors of their smooth muscles.

Front 47

in genteral, alpha andrenergic rceptors are _________ and beta receptors are ________________.

Back 47

stimulatory, inhibitory

Front 48

in general, beta receptors are inhibitory, what is the exception to this rule?

Back 48

in the heart, beta receptors are stimulatory.

Front 49

Drugs used to treat hypertension are :

Back 49

selective for their effects on andrenergic receptors.

Front 50

Propranolol:

Back 50

blocks beta adrenergic receptors in the heart. This reduces herat rate adn lowers blood pressure

Front 51

Phentolamine

Back 51

blocks alpha adrenergic receptors. This causes vasodilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure.

Front 52

The vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nerves always results from:

Back 52

stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors.

Front 53

all of these neurons are cholinergic:

Back 53

somatic motor neurons, preganglionic neurons of the ANS, postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Front 54

___________ effects of ______________ and ___________ are always excitatory

Back 54

cholinergic.... somatic motor neurons and preganglionic ANS neurons

Front 55

cholinergic effects of ____ are usually excitatory but the heart and a few others are exceptions.

Back 55

postganglionic parasympathetic neruons

Front 56

two types of cholinergic receptors:

Back 56

muscarinic receptors, and nicotinic receptors

Front 57

muscarinic receptors are present in:

Back 57

all visceral organs innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic axons.

Front 58

nicotinic receptors are present in all

Back 58

preganglionic synapses of the ANS, and in neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle.

Front 59

curare blocks:

Back 59

nicotinic receptors, but has little effect on muscarinic receptors.

Front 60

atropine is a drug that;

Back 60

specifically inhibits the muscarinic effects of ACh ( it blocks muscarinic receptors)

Front 61

Atropine is extracted from

Back 61

the night shade plant (atropa belladonna)

Front 62

atropine was used by women in the middle ages to

Back 62

dilate their pupils and make their eyes more beautiful

Front 63

belladonna is the common name for

Back 63

atropine and means beautiful woman

Front 64

atropine is used today to:

Back 64

dilate pupils during eye examination (inhibits constriction)

Front 65

atropine is used to treat:

Back 65

spastic colon by inhibiting contractions of lower gi tract.

Front 66

atropine is antagonistic to

Back 66

muscarinic receptors adn will increase heart rate.

Front 67

In the penis, the sympathetic stimulations does what vs the parasympathetic stimulation

Back 67

symp- ejaculation parasymp-erection