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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which muscles make up the Rotator Cuff?
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Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Supraspinatus
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What does plasma transport through the blood?
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hormones, plasma proteins, good materials (carbohydrates, amino acids lipids), ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate), and gases (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide)
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Which formed elements carried by the blood?
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red blood cells, some types of white blood cells, and platelets
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What is the order that blood is received by the heart?
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Deoxygenated: Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Triscupid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Valve, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries
Oxygenated: Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Mitral Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta |
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What is the Cardiac Cycle?
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The period from the beginning of the heart beat until the beginning of the next.
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What is the Pulmonary Circuit?
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When the deoxygenated blood is pushed into the blood, releases carbon dioxide in exchange for oxygen and continues back to the heart.
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What is the contraction of the heart called?
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Systole
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What is the relaxation of the heart called?
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Diastole
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What is the order of the Respiratory System?
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the nose, the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
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How much does a human normally breathe at rest?
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5 to 6 liters of air per a minute
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How much does a human breathe during exercise?
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Approximately 20 to 30 liters of air per a minute
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What is the order of the process of the lungs to attain oxygen?
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Primary Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Tertiary Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles, Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolis
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What is the name of the space between the lungs?
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The Mediastinum
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What is the most important muscle for inspiration?
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THe Diaphram
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Which muscles help with breathing during exercise?
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The Pectoralis Minor, Scalenes, and the Sternocleidomastoid
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Is inspiration or expiration passive? When is the exception?
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Expiration is passive, except during heavy exercise.
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Which muscles are used for expiration during exercise?
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The Rectus Abdominus, Internal Obliques, Serratus Posterior and the Internal Intercostals
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What is the role of the Lymphatic System?
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Destruction of bacteria, immune response, the return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and drainage of tissue fluid and filtered proteins into lymphatic capillaries
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At the pharynx, what keeps food from entering the lungs?
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The Epiglottis
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What are the contractions of the esophagus called?
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Peristalses
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What does food pass through to get from the esophagus to the stomach?
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The Cardiac Sphincter
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Where is the primary location that food is absorbed?
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In the Small Intestine
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What does Chyme pass through to leave the stomach and enter the Small Intestine?
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The Pyloric Sphincter
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What are the sections of the Small Intestine?
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The Duodenum, The Jejunum and The Ileum
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What does bile digest?
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Fats
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What do the Pancreatic Enzymes digest?
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Protein, Carbohydrates and Fat
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What is Segmentation?
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The process of the Small Intestine squeezing and contracting to force it's contents back for better absorption.
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What are Villi and Microvilli?
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The hair-like projects that absorb the chyme's nutrients in the Duodenum and Jejunum.
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What is absorbed in the Large Intestine?
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Water and Salt
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what is Hemopoiesis and where does it take place?
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It is the production of blood cells and it takes place in the bone marrow.
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How many bones are in the human body?
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206 Bones
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What are the 4 types of bones?
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Long, short, flat and irregular
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What is the name of the thick, outer layer of the bone?
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Cortical Bone
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What is the spongy inner section of bone called?
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Trabecular Bone
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What is the shaft of the bone called?
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The Diaphysis
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What are the ends of the bones called?
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The Proximal and Distal Epiphyses
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What is the hollow space in the bone called?
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The Medullary Cavity
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What is the Growth Plate in children and young adult bones called?
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The Epiphyseal Cartilage
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What is the most outer layer of the bone called?
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The Periosteum
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The Growth Plate will become what in adults?
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The Epiphyseal Line
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How often is the adult skeleton replaced?
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Every 10 years
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Which cells build bone?
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Osteoblasts
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Which cells break the bone down for remodeling?
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Osteoclasts
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What is the process of building and breaking down the bones called?
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Remodeling
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What is Wolff's Law?
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That bone will increase or decrease based on the physical need.
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Which bones make up the Axial Skeleton?
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The skull, the vertebral column, the sternum, and the ribs.
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What is the main purpose of the Axial Skeleton?
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Protection of the Central Nervous System, Thoracic Organs and for support of the body.
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How many bones are in the Axial Skeleton?
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74 Bones
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How many vertebrae are there?
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33 Individual Vertebrae
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What are the sections of vertebrae and how many vertebrae are in each section?
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7 Cervical
12 Thoracic (each attached to a rib) 5 Lumbar 5 (fused) Sacrum 4 (fused) Coccyx |
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How many bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?
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126 Bones
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Which are the bones that make up the Appendicular Skeleton?
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The upper and lower limbs and the shoulder and pelvic girldles.
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What are the 3 main types of joints?
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Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial
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What are the 4 characteristics of Synovial Joints?
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An Articular Cartilage, an Articular Capsule, a Synovial Membrane and Synovial Fluid
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What type of movement takes place in the Sagittal Plane?
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Flexion and Extension
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What type of movement takes place in the Frontal Plane?
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Abduction and Adduction
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What type of movement takes place in the Transverse Plane?
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Internal and External Rotation
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What are the Multiplanar Movements?
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Circumduction and Opposition (Thumb Movement)
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What is the primary function of the Nervous System?
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To collect information in relation to the external state of the body, analyze the information, and respond appropriately.
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What is the Neuromuscular System?
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The connection between the muscles and the brain and spinal cord through a network of nerve circuits.
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What anatomy makes up the CNS?
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The Brain and Spinal Cord
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What anatomy makes up the PNS?
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All of the Nervous Structures located outside of the CNS
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What are Nerve Cell bodies called?
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Ganglia
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What are the 12 pairs of holes that allow nerves to exit the Cranial Cavity?
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Foramina
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How many Invertebral Foramina are there?
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31 pairs
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What are the 2 categories of the PNS?
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The Afferent (Sensory) and The Efferent (Motor) Divisions
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What are the Efferent divisions of the PNS?
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The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
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Is the Somatic Nervous System under conscious or unconscious control?
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Conscious Control
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What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
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What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
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To react to stressors or emergencies. "The Fight or Flight" Response. It stops the storage of energy and mobilizes all resources for the emergency.
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What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
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To control normal functions when the body is relaxed, such as food digestion, storing energy and promoting growth.
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What conducts impulses towards the Cell Body?
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Dendrites
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What is the name of the Cell Body?
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The Soma
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What conducts impulses away toward other Neurons?
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The Axon
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What is the name of a Nerve Cell?
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A Neuron
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What is the fatty substance that insulates the impulses of the Neuron as they are sent through the Axon?
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The Myelin
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What is the small space between Neurons?
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The Synapse
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What is the sense of knowing where the body is?
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Proprioception
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What are Cutaneous Receptors?
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Located on the skin, send information about pressure, touch and movements of hair on the skin.
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What are Joint Receptors?
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Send information from the Joint Capsules and Ligaments.
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What are Pacinian Corpuscles?
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Receptors located deep within the skin and joint capsule, sensitive to pressure.
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What are Meissner's Corpuscles?
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Receptors located to in the superficial layers of the skin, sensitive to light touch.
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What are Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles?
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Receptors located within the joint capsule, responsive to joint compression (ie. weightbearing)
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What are the 2 types of Musculotendinous Receptors?
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The Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) and the Muscle Spindle
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What is the function of the GTO?
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To cause inhibition of the muscle contraction, called Autogenic Inhibition and enhanced contraction in the antagonist muscle group.
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What is the Muscle Spindle?
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The Muscle Spindle tightens a contraction and relaxes the antagonist muscle group, called Reciprocal Inhibition.
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What is the Vestibular System?
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3 semi-circular fluid-filled canals in the inner ear that detect head movement.
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What attaches muscles to bone?
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The Tendon
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Which muscle type is Type I and what is it's primary function?
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Slow Twitch, Slow-Oxidative, used for endurance.
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What are Type IIx muscle fibers and what are they used for?
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Fast Twitch fibers (also known as Fast-Glycolytic fibers) are stronger than Slow Twitch, but are capable of very little endurance.
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What are Type IIa muscle fibers?
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Highly adaptable Fast Twitch Muscle fibers.
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What is the Neurotransmitter that causes muscle contraction?
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Acetylcholine
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The functional contracting unit of a skeletal muscle?
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The Sarcomere
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What are the dark bands containing protein filaments?
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A Band, Myosin
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What are the light bands containing protein filaments?
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I bands, Actin
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Which protein filament crosses the Z Line of the sarcomeres?
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Actin
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What is the lighter, somewhat dense area between two Z Lines?
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The H Zone
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What are the layers of fascia?
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Epimysium, Perimysium, and endomysium.
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What is the most abundant protein in the body?
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Collagen
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What is the purpose of Collagen?
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To limit motion and resist stretch
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What are wavelike folds of collagen fibers?
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Crimp
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What is the rupture point of collagen?
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3%
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What are Elastic fibers made of?
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Amino Acids
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What is the rupture point of Elastic Fibers?
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150%
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During movement, how much resistance is from the Joint Capsule/Ligaments?
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47%
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During movement, how much resistance is from the Fascia/Muscle?
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41%
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During movement, how much resistance is from the Tendons?
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10%
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During movement, how much resistance is from the Skin?
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2%
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What is the optimal tissue temperature for best range of motion?
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103 Degrees
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Which muscles act at the shoulder girdle?
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Trapezius, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids Major and Minor, Pectoralis Minor and Serratus Anterior
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Which major muscles act on the Shoulder?
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The Pectoralis Major, Deltoid, Latissimus Dorsi, The Rotator Cuff and the Teres Major
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Which major muscles act on the Elbow and Forearm?
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The Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Triceps Brachii, Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus, Supinator
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Which are the major muscles that act at the Wrist?
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Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extenstor Carpi Ulnaris, and the Palmaris Longus
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Which major muscles act on the Trunk?
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Rectus Abdominis, External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominis, Erector Spinae and Multifidi
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Which muscles make up the Quadriceps?
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Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, and the Vastus Intermedius
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What is vasopressin?
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An antidiuretic produced by the pituitary gland that acts on the kidneys.
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Which hormones are Gonadotropins?
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone.
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Where is insulin secreted from?
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The Pancreas
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What is glucagon?
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A hormone that acts against insulin.
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Where are the sex-specific hormones produced?
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In the Gonads.
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What is Oxytocin?
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A hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus and intestines.
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What is Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone?
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A hormone that stimulates the Thyroid to produce hormones.
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What is Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)?
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Stimulates the Adrenal Glands to secrete Glucocorticoids.
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What is Growth Hormone (GH)?
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Promotes general growth, skeletal growth and metabolic function
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What are Thyroxine and Triiodothryonine?
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They increase Oxygen Consumption, Heat Production, and Metabolic Function
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What is Calcitonin?
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It decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels
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What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
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Raises Plasma Calcium levels and Decreases Plasma Phosphate levels
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What is Epinephrine?
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Affects Carbohydrate Metabolism,
Promotes Hyperglycemia, Constricts vessels in the Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Kidneys. Dilates vessels in skeletal muscles. |
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What is Norepinephrine?
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Increases heart race and force of contraction of Myocardium
Constricts blood vessels in most parts of the body |
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What are Mineralocorticoids?
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They promote reabsorption of Sodium and Excretion of Potassium in the Kidneys.
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What are Glucocorticoids?
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They promote Protein and Triglyceride Breakdown
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What is Insulin?
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Causes Liver and Muscle Cells to take up Glucose and store it as Glycogen
Encourages fat cells to take on Blood Lipids and turn them into Triglycerides Other Anabolic Effects |
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What is Glucagon?
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Causes the Liver to convert stored Glycogen into Glucose and release it into the Bloodstream.
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