Anatomy 241 Exam I Chapter 7

Front 1

____ – forms from mesodermal(mesenchymal cells and may develop with or without a cartilaginous template.

Back 1

bone

Front 2

_ : (aka. Bone formation)
- _ – no cartilage template, (eg., flat bones)
- _ – cartilage template, (eg. Long bones)

Back 2

Osteogenesis
intramembranous
endochondral

Front 3

Long bones are actually composed of 2 distinct types of bone.
- _ (covers the shaft and the ends)
- _ (in the center of the epiphyses)

Back 3

compact
spongy

Front 4

The functional unit of the bone is an _

Back 4

osteon

Front 5

A blood vessel is present at the center of each osteon (_)

Back 5

Central Canal

Front 6

Osteoblasts that have been surrounded by bone matrix are called _

Back 6

Osteocytes

Front 7

Although bone cells become encased in mineral deposits, they receive nutrients from other cells via connections called _, extensions of cytoplasm connected to adjacent cells via _

Back 7

canaliculi, gap junction

Front 8

- Bone is constantly being remodeled in response to the stresses placed upon the specific bone. Osteocytes continue to produce new bone, while cells called _ remove bone

Back 8

osteoclasts

Front 9

Functions of the Skull:
- protect and support the _
- regulate brain _
- dissipate excess body heat through evaporation in the _
- supports the _, articulation points
- supports the “_”

Back 9

brain
temperature
nasal passages
jaws
voice box

Front 10

What factors have shaped the evolution of the brain? (4)

Back 10

enlarging brain
jaw structure (feeding strategies)
respiratory structures (organs)
endothermy (warm blooded animals)

Front 11

Divisions of the vertebrate skull:
_ – supports the brain.

Back 11

chondrocranium

Front 12

Divisions of the vertebrate skull:
_ – most ancient of the skull components. Supports the pharyngeal slits.

Back 12

splanchnocranium

Front 13

Divisions of the vertebrate skull:
_ – found in later vertebrates, it is the outer casing of the skull (composed of dermal bones)

Back 13

dermatocranium

Front 14

Divisions of the vertebrate skull:
_ – the structures encasing the brain, may be composed of all three crania.

Back 14

brain case

Front 15

Divisions of the vertebrate skull:
_ – equivalent of the chondrocranium.

Back 15

neurocranium

Front 16

Chondrocranium:
_ – back of the skull.
_ – mesethmoid and turbinates in nasal passage.
_– ventral and ventrolateral chondrocranium.

Back 16

occipital
ethmoid
sphenoid

Front 17

Splanchnocranium: bones of the _
- middle ear bones – _,_,_
- _ – connects the larnyx and tracheal cartilages to the skull

Back 17

hyoid arch
incus, malleus, stapes
hyoid

Front 18

Dermatocranium: outer covering of the skull (6)

Back 18

facial
orbital
temporal
vault
palatal
mandibular

Front 19

Evolution of the Jaws:
- Upper jaw – in early gnathostomes was the _ (palatoquadrate). In Mammals, became the _ and premaxilla

Back 19

quadrate, maxilla

Front 20

Evolution of the Jaws:
- Lower jaw – (mandible) Began as _ cartilage in early fish. In mammals, is a collection of manbidular components including the _ (teeth).

Back 20

Meckel's, dermal dentary

Front 21

_ – diminished role in jaw function and increased role in sensory detection (hearing)

Back 21

splanchnocranium

Front 22

_ – greatly increased size to meet the needs of increasing brain size. Additional modifications to support greater sensory input.

Back 22

dermatocranium

Front 23

_ – relative to overall size of braincase, slightly diminished role. Sharks have exclusive chondrocranium (no dermatocranium) and mammals have predominantly dermatocranium.

Back 23

chondrocranium

Front 24

jaws – demonstrate wide variety of forms, largely dependent on the mode of _

Back 24

feeding

Front 25

_ feeders (sharks) were dependent almost totally on their jaws for capturing food.

Back 25

predatorial

Front 26

Mammals evolved _ teeth which allowed for other anatomical structures to aid in the acquisition of food. Teeth were became specialized for _.

Back 26

specialized, mastication