Anatomy 241 Exam I Chapter 1

Front 1

Structure= _ and _

Back 1

form , function

Front 2

Charles Darwin has been linked to evolution since the publication of his book _

Back 2

Origin of Species

Front 3

Evolution = _ and natural_

Back 3

adaptation , selection

Front 4

_ _ were the first to propose gradual changes in organisms over 2500 years ago. (i.e. _)

Back 4

Greek philosophers, Amaximander

Front 5

The father of biological classification.

Back 5

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 6

Carolus Linnaeous, Sweedish biologist who devised the _ _ for biological organisms that is still in use today.

Back 6

classification system

Front 7

Linnaeus firmly believed that species were _ and created originally as we find them today.

Back 7

unchangable

Front 8

An english naturalists who formulated the concepts of "natural selection" at the same time as Darwin.

Back 8

A.R Wallace

Front 9

_ wrote a letter to _ explaining his ideas about evolution. His ideas were "stolen".

Back 9

Wallace, Darwin

Front 10

Darwin did not propose that species _, but the _ and _ for this evolutionary change.

Back 10

evolved, conditions, mechanisms

Front 11

Factors affecting evolution proposed by Darwin: (3)

Back 11

1. Members of a species reproduce due to a high reproductive potential.
2. Competiton for declining resources.
3. Survival of the few ( and the fittest)

Front 12

2 or more features which share a common ancestery (bird wing, squirrel arm)

Back 12

homology

Front 13

2 or more features which perform a similar function, regardless of their ancestery (bird wing, bug wing)

Back 13

Analogy

Front 14

2 or more features that only look alike (leaf shaped wing of insects, actual leaf)

Back 14

homoplasty

Front 15

Three seperate contributors to biological design.

Back 15

Homoplogy, analogy, homoplasty

Front 16

Give an example of each:
1. Homology
2. analogy
3. homoplasty

These are each seperate contributors to _

Back 16

1. seal flipper, human hand
2. bird wing, bug wing
3. leaf shaped wing, actual leaf

biological design

Front 17

the way in which an animal's body meets the planet is called

Back 17

symmetry

Front 18

in _ symmetry a body is laid out equally from a central axis

Back 18

radial

Front 19

in _ symmetry a body may only be divided into right and left parts

Back 19

bilateral

Front 20

head end of an animal

Back 20

anterior/ cranial

Front 21

tail end of an animal

Back 21

posterior/ caudal

Front 22

back

Back 22

dorsal

Front 23

front or belly

Back 23

ventral

Front 24

midline of the body

Back 24

medial

Front 25

away form the midline

Back 25

lateral

Front 26

chest, supporting the forelimbs

Back 26

pectorial region

Front 27

hips, supporting the hindlimbs

Back 27

pelvic region

Front 28

body divided into dorsal and ventral sections

Back 28

coronal plane

Front 29

body divided into left and right sections

Back 29

sagittal plane

Front 30

body divided into anterior and posterior sections

Back 30

transverse plane

Front 31

the action or properity of a part as it works in an organism

Back 31

function

Front 32

refers to how the part is used in the environment

Back 32

biological role

Front 33

For feathers what is the:
1. biological role
2. function

Back 33

1. insulation, aerodynamics, courtship
2. cover the body

Front 34

when a structure or behavior possesses the necessary form and function before the biological role arises that it eventually serves it is said to be _

Back 34

preadapted

Front 35

the course or path of evolution, may be summerized in graphic schemes called dendrograms.

Back 35

phylogeny

Front 36

family trees; summerized graphic schemes

Back 36

dendrograms

Front 37

evolution is observed to proceed in either _ or _.

Back 37

phyletic gradualism, quantum evolution

Front 38

_ -gradual changes as taking millions and millions of years to bring about evolution of one species into another

Back 38

phyletic gradualism

Front 39

_ (_)- sudden sharp branches in the evolutionary tree followed by long periods of stasis and no change

Back 39

quantum evolution (punctuated evolution)

Front 40

_ (_)-all organisms that share a unique, common ancestor

Back 40

clade (linage)

Front 41

phylogenetic systematics that places together organisms belonging to the same clade.

Back 41

cladistics

Front 42

_ -dendrogram depicting the linage

Back 42

cladogram

Front 43

_ - includes the ancestor and all descendants

Back 43

monophyletic clade

Front 44

A clade which includes members that are not derived through the result of common descent (ie birds and mammals)

Back 44

polyphyletic clade

Front 45

A clade that does not include all members that are derived from a common ancestor.

Back 45

paraphyletic clade